Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients
The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were dete...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2261 |
| _version_ | 1827675193323028480 |
|---|---|
| author | Federica Zavaglio Vanessa Frangipane Monica Morosini Elisa Gabanti Paola Zelini Josè Camilla Sammartino Alessandro Ferrari Marilena Gregorini Teresa Rampino Annalia Asti Elena Seminari Angela Di Matteo Barbara Cattadori Carlo Pellegrini Stelvio Tonello Venkata Ramana Mallela Rosalba Minisini Manuela Rizzi Pier Paolo Sainaghi Federica Meloni Daniele Lilleri Fausto Baldanti |
| author_facet | Federica Zavaglio Vanessa Frangipane Monica Morosini Elisa Gabanti Paola Zelini Josè Camilla Sammartino Alessandro Ferrari Marilena Gregorini Teresa Rampino Annalia Asti Elena Seminari Angela Di Matteo Barbara Cattadori Carlo Pellegrini Stelvio Tonello Venkata Ramana Mallela Rosalba Minisini Manuela Rizzi Pier Paolo Sainaghi Federica Meloni Daniele Lilleri Fausto Baldanti |
| author_sort | Federica Zavaglio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:59:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ef981fba17be46c6a56668952ed0ec6e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:59:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-ef981fba17be46c6a56668952ed0ec6e2023-11-23T01:57:46ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-11-011311226110.3390/v13112261Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient PatientsFederica Zavaglio0Vanessa Frangipane1Monica Morosini2Elisa Gabanti3Paola Zelini4Josè Camilla Sammartino5Alessandro Ferrari6Marilena Gregorini7Teresa Rampino8Annalia Asti9Elena Seminari10Angela Di Matteo11Barbara Cattadori12Carlo Pellegrini13Stelvio Tonello14Venkata Ramana Mallela15Rosalba Minisini16Manuela Rizzi17Pier Paolo Sainaghi18Federica Meloni19Daniele Lilleri20Fausto Baldanti21Unit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyResearch Laboratory of Lung Diseases, Section of Cell Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyResearch Laboratory of Lung Diseases, Section of Cell Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyObstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyInfectious Diseases Clinic, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyInfectious Diseases Clinic, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyCardiac Surgery, Department of Intensive Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyCardiac Surgery, Department of Intensive Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyImmunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyImmunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Univerisity Hospital, 28100 Novara, ItalyInternal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyImmunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Univerisity Hospital, 28100 Novara, ItalyImmunoreumatology Laboratory, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, ItalyResearch Laboratory of Lung Diseases, Section of Cell Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyUnit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, ItalyThe development and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in immunocompetent (IC) and immunocompromised patients is crucial for long-term protection. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection was analysed in 57 IC and 15 solid organ transplanted (TX) patients. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. T-cell response was determined by stimulation with peptide pools of the Spike, Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins with a 20-h Activation Induced Marker (AIM) and 7-day lymphoproliferative assays. Antibody response was detected at similar levels in IC and TX patients. Anti-Spike IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least one year, while anti-Nucleocapsid IgG declined earlier. Patients with pneumonia developed higher antibody levels than patients with mild symptoms. Similarly, both rapid and proliferative T-cell responses were detected within the first two months after infection at comparable levels in IC and TX patients, and were higher in patients with pneumonia. T-cell response persisted for at least one year in both IC and TX patients. Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins elicited the major CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell responses, whereas the T-cell response to Envelope protein was negligible. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody and T-cell responses develop rapidly and persist over time in both immunocompetent and transplanted patients.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2261SARS-CoV-2COVID-19immunocompetent patientstransplanted patientsspike proteinmembrane protein |
| spellingShingle | Federica Zavaglio Vanessa Frangipane Monica Morosini Elisa Gabanti Paola Zelini Josè Camilla Sammartino Alessandro Ferrari Marilena Gregorini Teresa Rampino Annalia Asti Elena Seminari Angela Di Matteo Barbara Cattadori Carlo Pellegrini Stelvio Tonello Venkata Ramana Mallela Rosalba Minisini Manuela Rizzi Pier Paolo Sainaghi Federica Meloni Daniele Lilleri Fausto Baldanti Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients Viruses SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 immunocompetent patients transplanted patients spike protein membrane protein |
| title | Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients |
| title_full | Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients |
| title_fullStr | Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients |
| title_short | Robust and Persistent B- and T-Cell Responses after COVID-19 in Immunocompetent and Solid Organ Transplant Recipient Patients |
| title_sort | robust and persistent b and t cell responses after covid 19 in immunocompetent and solid organ transplant recipient patients |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 immunocompetent patients transplanted patients spike protein membrane protein |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2261 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT federicazavaglio robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT vanessafrangipane robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT monicamorosini robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT elisagabanti robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT paolazelini robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT josecamillasammartino robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT alessandroferrari robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT marilenagregorini robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT teresarampino robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT annaliaasti robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT elenaseminari robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT angeladimatteo robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT barbaracattadori robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT carlopellegrini robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT stelviotonello robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT venkataramanamallela robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT rosalbaminisini robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT manuelarizzi robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT pierpaolosainaghi robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT federicameloni robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT danielelilleri robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients AT faustobaldanti robustandpersistentbandtcellresponsesaftercovid19inimmunocompetentandsolidorgantransplantrecipientpatients |