Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is the clinical manifestation of the atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are the first line of therapy but the increasing prevalence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has positioned the cardiometabolic risk as the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/660 |
| _version_ | 1797413087191498752 |
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| author | María Aguilar-Ballester Gema Hurtado-Genovés Alida Taberner-Cortés Andrea Herrero-Cervera Sergio Martínez-Hervás Herminia González-Navarro |
| author_facet | María Aguilar-Ballester Gema Hurtado-Genovés Alida Taberner-Cortés Andrea Herrero-Cervera Sergio Martínez-Hervás Herminia González-Navarro |
| author_sort | María Aguilar-Ballester |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is the clinical manifestation of the atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are the first line of therapy but the increasing prevalence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has positioned the cardiometabolic risk as the most relevant parameter for treatment. Therefore, the control of this risk, characterized by dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, has become a major goal in many experimental and clinical studies in the context of CVD. In the present review, we summarized experimental studies and clinical trials of recent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering therapies targeted to reduce CVD. Specifically, incretin-based therapies, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inactivating therapies are described. Moreover, the novel molecular mechanisms explaining the CVD protection of the drugs reviewed here indicate major effects on vascular cells, inflammatory cells, and cardiomyocytes, beyond their expected anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering control. The revealed key mechanism is a prevention of acute cardiovascular events by restraining atherosclerosis at early stages, with decreased leukocyte adhesion, recruitment, and foam cell formation, and increased plaque stability and diminished necrotic core in advanced plaques. These emergent cardiometabolic therapies have a promising future to reduce CVD burden. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:12:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-efa899454adb444aad6552d256b82b72 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:12:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-efa899454adb444aad6552d256b82b722023-12-03T12:48:32ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-01-0122266010.3390/ijms22020660Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and DyslipidemiaMaría Aguilar-Ballester0Gema Hurtado-Genovés1Alida Taberner-Cortés2Andrea Herrero-Cervera3Sergio Martínez-Hervás4Herminia González-Navarro5Health Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainHealth Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainHealth Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainHealth Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainHealth Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainHealth Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, SpainCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is the clinical manifestation of the atherosclerosis. Elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are the first line of therapy but the increasing prevalence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has positioned the cardiometabolic risk as the most relevant parameter for treatment. Therefore, the control of this risk, characterized by dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance, has become a major goal in many experimental and clinical studies in the context of CVD. In the present review, we summarized experimental studies and clinical trials of recent anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering therapies targeted to reduce CVD. Specifically, incretin-based therapies, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inactivating therapies are described. Moreover, the novel molecular mechanisms explaining the CVD protection of the drugs reviewed here indicate major effects on vascular cells, inflammatory cells, and cardiomyocytes, beyond their expected anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering control. The revealed key mechanism is a prevention of acute cardiovascular events by restraining atherosclerosis at early stages, with decreased leukocyte adhesion, recruitment, and foam cell formation, and increased plaque stability and diminished necrotic core in advanced plaques. These emergent cardiometabolic therapies have a promising future to reduce CVD burden.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/660cardiometabolic riskincretin systemdipeptidyl peptidase 4sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitorsproprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 |
| spellingShingle | María Aguilar-Ballester Gema Hurtado-Genovés Alida Taberner-Cortés Andrea Herrero-Cervera Sergio Martínez-Hervás Herminia González-Navarro Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia International Journal of Molecular Sciences cardiometabolic risk incretin system dipeptidyl peptidase 4 sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 |
| title | Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia |
| title_full | Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia |
| title_fullStr | Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia |
| title_short | Therapies for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia |
| title_sort | therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia |
| topic | cardiometabolic risk incretin system dipeptidyl peptidase 4 sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2 inhibitors proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/2/660 |
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