Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index
This study identified summer and annual drought events using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for 107 stations across Nepal from 1977 to 2018. For this, frequency, duration, and severity of drought events were investigated. The SPI4 and SPI12 time scales were interpolated to illustrate the spa...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Water |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/23/3411 |
| _version_ | 1797507181155713024 |
|---|---|
| author | Damodar Bagale Madan Sigdel Deepak Aryal |
| author_facet | Damodar Bagale Madan Sigdel Deepak Aryal |
| author_sort | Damodar Bagale |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study identified summer and annual drought events using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for 107 stations across Nepal from 1977 to 2018. For this, frequency, duration, and severity of drought events were investigated. The SPI4 and SPI12 time scales were interpolated to illustrate the spatial patterns of major drought episodes and their severity. A total of 13 and 24 percent of stations over the country showed a significant decreasing trend for SPI4 and SPI12. Droughts were recorded during El Niño and non-El Niño years in Nepal. Among them, 1992 was the worst drought year, followed by the drought year, 2015. More than 44 percent of the locations in the country were occupied under drought conditions during these extreme drought events. Droughts have been recorded more frequently in Nepal since 2005. The areas of Nepal affected by extreme, severe, and moderate drought in summer were 8, 9, and 18 percent, while during annual events they were 7, 11, and 17 percent, respectively. Generally, during the drought years, the SPI and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) have a strong phase relation compared to the average years. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:43:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-efaabbb5c64a432099ae24824039a84a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:43:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-efaabbb5c64a432099ae24824039a84a2023-11-23T03:15:09ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-12-011323341110.3390/w13233411Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation IndexDamodar Bagale0Madan Sigdel1Deepak Aryal2Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, NepalCentral Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, NepalCentral Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, NepalThis study identified summer and annual drought events using the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for 107 stations across Nepal from 1977 to 2018. For this, frequency, duration, and severity of drought events were investigated. The SPI4 and SPI12 time scales were interpolated to illustrate the spatial patterns of major drought episodes and their severity. A total of 13 and 24 percent of stations over the country showed a significant decreasing trend for SPI4 and SPI12. Droughts were recorded during El Niño and non-El Niño years in Nepal. Among them, 1992 was the worst drought year, followed by the drought year, 2015. More than 44 percent of the locations in the country were occupied under drought conditions during these extreme drought events. Droughts have been recorded more frequently in Nepal since 2005. The areas of Nepal affected by extreme, severe, and moderate drought in summer were 8, 9, and 18 percent, while during annual events they were 7, 11, and 17 percent, respectively. Generally, during the drought years, the SPI and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) have a strong phase relation compared to the average years.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/23/3411droughtEl NiñoMann-Kendall testNepalSOISPI |
| spellingShingle | Damodar Bagale Madan Sigdel Deepak Aryal Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index Water drought El Niño Mann-Kendall test Nepal SOI SPI |
| title | Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index |
| title_full | Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index |
| title_fullStr | Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index |
| title_short | Drought Monitoring over Nepal for the Last Four Decades and Its Connection with Southern Oscillation Index |
| title_sort | drought monitoring over nepal for the last four decades and its connection with southern oscillation index |
| topic | drought El Niño Mann-Kendall test Nepal SOI SPI |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/23/3411 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT damodarbagale droughtmonitoringovernepalforthelastfourdecadesanditsconnectionwithsouthernoscillationindex AT madansigdel droughtmonitoringovernepalforthelastfourdecadesanditsconnectionwithsouthernoscillationindex AT deepakaryal droughtmonitoringovernepalforthelastfourdecadesanditsconnectionwithsouthernoscillationindex |