Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lif...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/14/2842 |
| _version_ | 1797416623012839424 |
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| author | Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik |
| author_facet | Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik |
| author_sort | Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:05:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-efd837a32c8b4553b7d573b27fb3cab4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:05:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-efd837a32c8b4553b7d573b27fb3cab42023-12-03T12:04:04ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-07-011414284210.3390/nu14142842Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene ExpressionAneta Otocka-Kmiecik0Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215 Lodz, PolandParaoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/14/2842antioxidantparaoxonasePON1carotenoidsastaxanthinβ-carotene |
| spellingShingle | Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression Nutrients antioxidant paraoxonase PON1 carotenoids astaxanthin β-carotene |
| title | Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression |
| title_full | Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression |
| title_short | Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression |
| title_sort | effect of carotenoids on paraoxonase 1 activity and gene expression |
| topic | antioxidant paraoxonase PON1 carotenoids astaxanthin β-carotene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/14/2842 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT anetaotockakmiecik effectofcarotenoidsonparaoxonase1activityandgeneexpression |