Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum
The grain boundary, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms are important for controlling the mechanical properties of Al-based alloys. Due to severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying refines grain structure to a nanoscale level which leads to a strong increase in solute co...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| author | Olga A. Yakovtseva Nadezhda B. Emelina Andrey G. Mochugovskiy Andrey I. Bazlov Alexey S. Prosviryakov Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya |
| author_facet | Olga A. Yakovtseva Nadezhda B. Emelina Andrey G. Mochugovskiy Andrey I. Bazlov Alexey S. Prosviryakov Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya |
| author_sort | Olga A. Yakovtseva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The grain boundary, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms are important for controlling the mechanical properties of Al-based alloys. Due to severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying refines grain structure to a nanoscale level which leads to a strong increase in solute content and the related strengthening effect of solute atoms and secondary-phase precipitates. This study analyzed the elemental Mn and Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase dissolution in Al during high-energy ball milling. For this purpose, XRD data, microstructure, and hardness evolutions were compared for two Al—5.2 at% Mn alloys prepared by mechanical alloying using elemental Al and Mn powders and a pre-melted master alloy. In the two-phase master alloy, containing the Al solid solution and the Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase, the strain accumulation, grain refinement, solid solution supersaturation, and milling-induced hardening effects were facilitated. Both elemental Mn and intermetallic compound were dissolved during mechanical alloying, and the maximum solute content was near 3.1 at% Mn. A fine crystalline size of ~25 nm and the maximum Mn solute content were observed after milling of elemental powders and the master alloy for 60 h and 20 h, respectively. The microhardness of ~3 GPa corresponded to a ~3.1% solute Mn content, and the microhardness increased to ~5 GPa after long–term milling due to precipitation strengthening effect of the secondary Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase in the master alloy. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:03:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-efee5a1f3d974f79a47e3be5599889232023-11-19T17:22:39ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-10-011310176510.3390/met13101765Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in AluminumOlga A. Yakovtseva0Nadezhda B. Emelina1Andrey G. Mochugovskiy2Andrey I. Bazlov3Alexey S. Prosviryakov4Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya5Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, RussiaThe grain boundary, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms are important for controlling the mechanical properties of Al-based alloys. Due to severe plastic deformation, mechanical alloying refines grain structure to a nanoscale level which leads to a strong increase in solute content and the related strengthening effect of solute atoms and secondary-phase precipitates. This study analyzed the elemental Mn and Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase dissolution in Al during high-energy ball milling. For this purpose, XRD data, microstructure, and hardness evolutions were compared for two Al—5.2 at% Mn alloys prepared by mechanical alloying using elemental Al and Mn powders and a pre-melted master alloy. In the two-phase master alloy, containing the Al solid solution and the Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase, the strain accumulation, grain refinement, solid solution supersaturation, and milling-induced hardening effects were facilitated. Both elemental Mn and intermetallic compound were dissolved during mechanical alloying, and the maximum solute content was near 3.1 at% Mn. A fine crystalline size of ~25 nm and the maximum Mn solute content were observed after milling of elemental powders and the master alloy for 60 h and 20 h, respectively. The microhardness of ~3 GPa corresponded to a ~3.1% solute Mn content, and the microhardness increased to ~5 GPa after long–term milling due to precipitation strengthening effect of the secondary Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phase in the master alloy.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/10/1765aluminum alloyssolute contentmechanical alloyingmicrostructureX-ray diffraction analysismicrohardness |
| spellingShingle | Olga A. Yakovtseva Nadezhda B. Emelina Andrey G. Mochugovskiy Andrey I. Bazlov Alexey S. Prosviryakov Anastasia V. Mikhaylovskaya Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum Metals aluminum alloys solute content mechanical alloying microstructure X-ray diffraction analysis microhardness |
| title | Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum |
| title_full | Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum |
| title_short | Effect of Mechanical Alloying on the Dissolution of the Elemental Mn and Al-Mn Compound in Aluminum |
| title_sort | effect of mechanical alloying on the dissolution of the elemental mn and al mn compound in aluminum |
| topic | aluminum alloys solute content mechanical alloying microstructure X-ray diffraction analysis microhardness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/10/1765 |
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