Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates
Hybrid renewable energy systems are an optimal solution for small energy communities’ energy supply. One of the critical issues is the strong correlation of these systems with outdoor climatic conditions. The goal is to make local communities increasingly energy independent. To this end, an in-depth...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/3974 |
| _version_ | 1797600376817451008 |
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| author | Nicoletta Matera Domenico Mazzeo Cristina Baglivo Paolo Maria Congedo |
| author_facet | Nicoletta Matera Domenico Mazzeo Cristina Baglivo Paolo Maria Congedo |
| author_sort | Nicoletta Matera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hybrid renewable energy systems are an optimal solution for small energy communities’ energy supply. One of the critical issues is the strong correlation of these systems with outdoor climatic conditions. The goal is to make local communities increasingly energy independent. To this end, an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind systems powering small office communities in 48 locations around the world characterized by widely varying climates was conducted. System sizes, assumed to be stand-alone or grid-connected, were varied, for a total of 343 system power configurations. Highest satisfied load fraction (SLF) values are obtained with a significant predominance of PV over wind; the trend is more pronounced in dry and continental climates (zones B and D according to the Köppen climate classification). The utilization factor (UF) values of 1 are rarely reached and never in the wind-only or PV-only configurations. In all climates, the grid energy interaction factor (GEIF) values of zero are never reached but come very close. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of grid-connected systems is significantly higher than stand-alone systems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:47:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f0010216462748d78d12dd37d25503c8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:47:16Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0010216462748d78d12dd37d25503c82023-11-18T01:11:08ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732023-05-011610397410.3390/en16103974Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different ClimatesNicoletta Matera0Domenico Mazzeo1Cristina Baglivo2Paolo Maria Congedo3Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalyHybrid renewable energy systems are an optimal solution for small energy communities’ energy supply. One of the critical issues is the strong correlation of these systems with outdoor climatic conditions. The goal is to make local communities increasingly energy independent. To this end, an in-depth analysis of the behaviour of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind systems powering small office communities in 48 locations around the world characterized by widely varying climates was conducted. System sizes, assumed to be stand-alone or grid-connected, were varied, for a total of 343 system power configurations. Highest satisfied load fraction (SLF) values are obtained with a significant predominance of PV over wind; the trend is more pronounced in dry and continental climates (zones B and D according to the Köppen climate classification). The utilization factor (UF) values of 1 are rarely reached and never in the wind-only or PV-only configurations. In all climates, the grid energy interaction factor (GEIF) values of zero are never reached but come very close. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of grid-connected systems is significantly higher than stand-alone systems.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/3974districthybrid renewable systemsbatteryelectric vehicle chargingofficesbenefit–cost ratio |
| spellingShingle | Nicoletta Matera Domenico Mazzeo Cristina Baglivo Paolo Maria Congedo Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates Energies district hybrid renewable systems battery electric vehicle charging offices benefit–cost ratio |
| title | Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates |
| title_full | Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates |
| title_fullStr | Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates |
| title_short | Energy Independence of a Small Office Community Powered by Photovoltaic-Wind Hybrid Systems in Widely Different Climates |
| title_sort | energy independence of a small office community powered by photovoltaic wind hybrid systems in widely different climates |
| topic | district hybrid renewable systems battery electric vehicle charging offices benefit–cost ratio |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/10/3974 |
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