Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media
<i>Stachybotrys</i> (<i>S</i>.) <i>chartarum</i> had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. <i>S. chartarum</i> had been isolated from different environme...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/3/159 |
| _version_ | 1797554875785019392 |
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| author | Sebastian Ulrich Cornelius Schäfer |
| author_facet | Sebastian Ulrich Cornelius Schäfer |
| author_sort | Sebastian Ulrich |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Stachybotrys</i> (<i>S</i>.) <i>chartarum</i> had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. <i>S. chartarum</i> had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All <i>Stachybotrys</i> species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of <i>S. chartarum</i>. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in <i>S. chartarum</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:39:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f011f4fdb5b94213bf292edc28907c9e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:39:18Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-f011f4fdb5b94213bf292edc28907c9e2023-11-20T12:14:29ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2020-09-016315910.3390/jof6030159Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture MediaSebastian Ulrich0Cornelius Schäfer1Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, GermanyBÜCHI Labortechnik GmbH, Altendorfer Straße 3, 45127 Essen, Germany<i>Stachybotrys</i> (<i>S</i>.) <i>chartarum</i> had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. <i>S. chartarum</i> had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All <i>Stachybotrys</i> species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of <i>S. chartarum</i>. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in <i>S. chartarum</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/3/159<i>Stachybotrys</i>genotypemacrocyclic trichothecenesstachybotrylactam |
| spellingShingle | Sebastian Ulrich Cornelius Schäfer Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media Journal of Fungi <i>Stachybotrys</i> genotype macrocyclic trichothecenes stachybotrylactam |
| title | Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media |
| title_full | Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media |
| title_fullStr | Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media |
| title_short | Toxin Production by <i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i> Genotype S on Different Culture Media |
| title_sort | toxin production by i stachybotrys chartarum i genotype s on different culture media |
| topic | <i>Stachybotrys</i> genotype macrocyclic trichothecenes stachybotrylactam |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/6/3/159 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sebastianulrich toxinproductionbyistachybotryschartarumigenotypesondifferentculturemedia AT corneliusschafer toxinproductionbyistachybotryschartarumigenotypesondifferentculturemedia |