Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases
The process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/887 |
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| author | Josephine Trichka Wen-Quan Zou |
| author_facet | Josephine Trichka Wen-Quan Zou |
| author_sort | Josephine Trichka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from non-self, as well as leukocyte reaction to aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the CNS, are the primary mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is initiated. While processes local to the CNS may instigate neurodegenerative disease, the existence or dysregulation of systemic homeostasis can also serve to improve or worsen CNS pathologies, respectively. One fundamental component of systemic homeostasis is the gut microbiota, which communicates with the CNS via microbial metabolite production, the peripheral nervous system, and regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Over the past 10–15 years, research focused on the microbiota–gut–brain axis has culminated in the discovery that dysbiosis, or an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria, can promote CNS pathologies. Conversely, a properly regulated and well-balanced microbiome supports CNS homeostasis and reduces the incidence and extent of pathogenic neuroinflammation. This review will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in exacerbating or alleviating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic approaches to reduce pathology in diseased states. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:29:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f02de4b6c9014a5aa5cdc77b884d5338 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:29:05Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-f02de4b6c9014a5aa5cdc77b884d53382023-11-22T04:39:02ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172021-07-0110788710.3390/pathogens10070887Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like DiseasesJosephine Trichka0Wen-Quan Zou1Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USADepartment of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USAThe process of neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenic mechanism of many neurodegenerative diseases. The deleterious attributes of neuroinflammation involve aberrant and uncontrolled activation of glia, which can result in damage to proximal brain parenchyma. Failure to distinguish self from non-self, as well as leukocyte reaction to aggregation and accumulation of proteins in the CNS, are the primary mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is initiated. While processes local to the CNS may instigate neurodegenerative disease, the existence or dysregulation of systemic homeostasis can also serve to improve or worsen CNS pathologies, respectively. One fundamental component of systemic homeostasis is the gut microbiota, which communicates with the CNS via microbial metabolite production, the peripheral nervous system, and regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Over the past 10–15 years, research focused on the microbiota–gut–brain axis has culminated in the discovery that dysbiosis, or an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria, can promote CNS pathologies. Conversely, a properly regulated and well-balanced microbiome supports CNS homeostasis and reduces the incidence and extent of pathogenic neuroinflammation. This review will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in exacerbating or alleviating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, and potential microbiota-based therapeutic approaches to reduce pathology in diseased states.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/887neuroinflammationmicrobiotadysbiosisinnate immunityprion diseaseParkinson’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Josephine Trichka Wen-Quan Zou Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases Pathogens neuroinflammation microbiota dysbiosis innate immunity prion disease Parkinson’s disease |
| title | Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases |
| title_full | Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases |
| title_short | Modulation of Neuroinflammation by the Gut Microbiota in Prion and Prion-Like Diseases |
| title_sort | modulation of neuroinflammation by the gut microbiota in prion and prion like diseases |
| topic | neuroinflammation microbiota dysbiosis innate immunity prion disease Parkinson’s disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/7/887 |
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