Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.)
Iron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combine...
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2044 |
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| author | Metin Turan Melek Ekinci Raziye Kul Ayhan Kocaman Sanem Argin Anastasia M. Zhirkova Irina V. Perminova Ertan Yildirim |
| author_facet | Metin Turan Melek Ekinci Raziye Kul Ayhan Kocaman Sanem Argin Anastasia M. Zhirkova Irina V. Perminova Ertan Yildirim |
| author_sort | Metin Turan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra<sup>®</sup>, Fulvagra<sup>®</sup>WSG; Humic-based: HS300<sup>®</sup>, Humin Fe<sup>®</sup> and Liqhumus<sup>®</sup>, Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment—which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O—was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:00:10Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f02f81eee9884784867bb94b7d22e1c52023-11-23T14:36:25ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-08-01129204410.3390/agronomy12092044Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.)Metin Turan0Melek Ekinci1Raziye Kul2Ayhan Kocaman3Sanem Argin4Anastasia M. Zhirkova5Irina V. Perminova6Ertan Yildirim7Department of Agricultural Trade and Management, Faculty of Economy and Administrative Sciences, Yeditepe University, 34250 Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, TurkeyDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, TurkeyEnvironmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Karabük University, 78050 Karabuk, TurkeyDepartment of Agricultural Trade and Management, Faculty of Economy and Administrative Sciences, Yeditepe University, 34250 Istanbul, TurkeyDepartment of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, TurkeyIron deficiency, which severely decreases the plant yield and quality, is one of the major problems of calcareous soils. Foliar applications of humic substances and/or Fe fertilizers are environmentally friendly methods to cope with Fe deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Fe/nano Fe and humic/fulvic acid-based biostimulant foliar applications on the Fe content and plant growth parameters of spinach. Treatment solutions were prepared either by mixing a common Fe fertilizer, FeSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O, with different commercial biostimulants (Fulvic-based: Fulvagra<sup>®</sup>, Fulvagra<sup>®</sup>WSG; Humic-based: HS300<sup>®</sup>, Humin Fe<sup>®</sup> and Liqhumus<sup>®</sup>, Grevenbroich, Germany) or by mixing nano ferrihydrite with different ratios of fulvic substance (FA-50, FA-75, and FA-100) and humic acid (Nano Iron). Growth parameters (plant fresh and dry weights, plant dry matter, root fresh and dry weights, root dry matter, leaf number per plant, and leaf area); chlorophyll reading value (SPAD); chlorophyll (a,b, and total) and carotenoid contents; and leaf and root mineral contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, active Fe, and total Fe) of samples were determined. Our results showed that foliar application of biostimulants together with Fe sources improved the nutrient uptake, chlorophyll contents, growth characteristics, and yield; however, not all humic substances had the same effect. When all parameters were considered, Fulvagra treatment—which contained 17% fulvic acid and microorganisms in its content together with 20 mM FeSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O—was the most effective application, followed by FA100 treatment containing fulvic acid and 20 mM nano ferrihydrite. This finding indicates that fulvic acid containing biostimulants is more effective in foliar applications than humic-based biostimulants against Fe deficiency due to their low molecular weight which enables better penetration into the leaves. In conclusion, foliar applications of fulvic substances together with Fe fertilizers can be used to increase the Fe uptake of crops and the yields under Fe-deficient conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2044ironfertilizationspinachbiostimulantshumic acidfulvic acid |
| spellingShingle | Metin Turan Melek Ekinci Raziye Kul Ayhan Kocaman Sanem Argin Anastasia M. Zhirkova Irina V. Perminova Ertan Yildirim Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) Agronomy iron fertilization spinach biostimulants humic acid fulvic acid |
| title | Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) |
| title_full | Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) |
| title_fullStr | Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) |
| title_short | Foliar Applications of Humic Substances Together with Fe/Nano Fe to Increase the Iron Content and Growth Parameters of Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i> L.) |
| title_sort | foliar applications of humic substances together with fe nano fe to increase the iron content and growth parameters of spinach i spinacia oleracea i l |
| topic | iron fertilization spinach biostimulants humic acid fulvic acid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2044 |
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