The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review
The loss of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in agricultural runoff is a global environmental problem, attracting worldwide attention. In the last decades, the constructed wetland has been increasingly used for mitigating the loss of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural runoff, while the subst...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/4/476 |
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| author | Jiayu Li Bohong Zheng Xiao Chen Zhe Li Qi Xia Hua Wang Yuan Yang Yaoyu Zhou Hong Yang |
| author_facet | Jiayu Li Bohong Zheng Xiao Chen Zhe Li Qi Xia Hua Wang Yuan Yang Yaoyu Zhou Hong Yang |
| author_sort | Jiayu Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The loss of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in agricultural runoff is a global environmental problem, attracting worldwide attention. In the last decades, the constructed wetland has been increasingly used for mitigating the loss of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural runoff, while the substrate, plants, and wetland structure design remain far from clearly understood. In this paper, the optimum substrates and plant species were identified by reviewing their treatment capacity from the related studies. Specifically, the top three suitable substrates are gravel, zeolite, and slag. In terms of the plant species, emergent plants are the most widely used in the constructed wetlands. <i>Eleocharis dulcis</i>, <i>Typha orientalis</i>, and <i>Scirpus validus</i> are the top three optimum emergent plant species. Submerged plants (<i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>, <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i>, and <i>Vallisneria natans</i>), free-floating plants (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> and <i>Lemna minor</i>), and floating-leaved plants (<i>Nymphaea tetragona</i> and <i>Trapa bispinosa</i>) are also promoted. Moreover, the site selection methods for constructed wetland were put forward. Because the existing research results have not reached an agreement on the controversial issue, more studies are still needed to draw a clear conclusion of effective structure design of constructed wetlands. This review has provided some recommendations for substrate, plant species, and site selections for the constructed wetlands to reduce nutrients from agricultural runoff. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:57:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f04c2776ebda435cb0a6aaac4c6e20f0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:57:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-f04c2776ebda435cb0a6aaac4c6e20f02023-12-11T16:52:18ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-02-0113447610.3390/w13040476The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A ReviewJiayu Li0Bohong Zheng1Xiao Chen2Zhe Li3Qi Xia4Hua Wang5Yuan Yang6Yaoyu Zhou7Hong Yang8School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaCollege of Landscape and Art Design, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaSchool of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, ChinaChangsha Planning and Design Survey Research Institute, Changsha 410007, ChinaPowerchina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, ChinaDepartment of Geography and Environment Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UKThe loss of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers in agricultural runoff is a global environmental problem, attracting worldwide attention. In the last decades, the constructed wetland has been increasingly used for mitigating the loss of nitrogen and phosphate from agricultural runoff, while the substrate, plants, and wetland structure design remain far from clearly understood. In this paper, the optimum substrates and plant species were identified by reviewing their treatment capacity from the related studies. Specifically, the top three suitable substrates are gravel, zeolite, and slag. In terms of the plant species, emergent plants are the most widely used in the constructed wetlands. <i>Eleocharis dulcis</i>, <i>Typha orientalis</i>, and <i>Scirpus validus</i> are the top three optimum emergent plant species. Submerged plants (<i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>, <i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i>, and <i>Vallisneria natans</i>), free-floating plants (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> and <i>Lemna minor</i>), and floating-leaved plants (<i>Nymphaea tetragona</i> and <i>Trapa bispinosa</i>) are also promoted. Moreover, the site selection methods for constructed wetland were put forward. Because the existing research results have not reached an agreement on the controversial issue, more studies are still needed to draw a clear conclusion of effective structure design of constructed wetlands. This review has provided some recommendations for substrate, plant species, and site selections for the constructed wetlands to reduce nutrients from agricultural runoff.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/4/476substratesplantssite selectionconstruction |
| spellingShingle | Jiayu Li Bohong Zheng Xiao Chen Zhe Li Qi Xia Hua Wang Yuan Yang Yaoyu Zhou Hong Yang The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review Water substrates plants site selection construction |
| title | The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review |
| title_full | The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review |
| title_fullStr | The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review |
| title_short | The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review |
| title_sort | use of constructed wetland for mitigating nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural runoff a review |
| topic | substrates plants site selection construction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/4/476 |
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