Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?
Creatine monohydrate (CM) is an established and effective dietary supplement, but it is not the only form of creatine. We analyzed forms of creatine for sale on Amazon.com'' title = ''http://Amazon.com''>Amazon.com and evaluated if the advertised claims are supported...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022034016 |
| _version_ | 1797960934534152192 |
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| author | Guillermo Escalante Adam M. Gonzalez Dean St Mart Michael Torres Jacob Echols Mariesha Islas Brad J. Schoenfeld |
| author_facet | Guillermo Escalante Adam M. Gonzalez Dean St Mart Michael Torres Jacob Echols Mariesha Islas Brad J. Schoenfeld |
| author_sort | Guillermo Escalante |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Creatine monohydrate (CM) is an established and effective dietary supplement, but it is not the only form of creatine. We analyzed forms of creatine for sale on Amazon.com'' title = ''http://Amazon.com''>Amazon.com and evaluated if the advertised claims are supported by the available scientific evidence. We also analyzed the cost per gram of the forms of creatine. A total of 175 creatine supplements were included and we reported the total creatine content per serving, form(s) of creatine in products, product claims, and prevalence of products third party certified. The identified products contained 16 forms of creatine other than CM. The prevalence of products containing functional ingredients with CM or forms of creatine was 29.7%, and the prevalence of products containing blends of different forms of creatine was 21.7%. Only 8% of products were third party certified. The products using only CM (n = 91) had a mean price per gram of $0.12 ± 0.08, whereas products using only other forms of creatine (n = 32) had a mean price per gram of $0.26 ± 0.17. Approximately 88% of alternative creatine products in this study are classified as having limited to no evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:52:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f08976c94eed406283961c7eb72ab5d6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:52:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-f08976c94eed406283961c7eb72ab5d62023-01-05T08:38:43ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402022-12-01812e12113Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science?Guillermo Escalante0Adam M. Gonzalez1Dean St Mart2Michael Torres3Jacob Echols4Mariesha Islas5Brad J. Schoenfeld6California State University San Bernardino, USA; Corresponding author.Hofstra University, USASupplement Needs, United KingdomCalifornia State University San Bernardino, USACalifornia State University San Bernardino, USACalifornia State University San Bernardino, USACUNY Lehman College, USACreatine monohydrate (CM) is an established and effective dietary supplement, but it is not the only form of creatine. We analyzed forms of creatine for sale on Amazon.com'' title = ''http://Amazon.com''>Amazon.com and evaluated if the advertised claims are supported by the available scientific evidence. We also analyzed the cost per gram of the forms of creatine. A total of 175 creatine supplements were included and we reported the total creatine content per serving, form(s) of creatine in products, product claims, and prevalence of products third party certified. The identified products contained 16 forms of creatine other than CM. The prevalence of products containing functional ingredients with CM or forms of creatine was 29.7%, and the prevalence of products containing blends of different forms of creatine was 21.7%. Only 8% of products were third party certified. The products using only CM (n = 91) had a mean price per gram of $0.12 ± 0.08, whereas products using only other forms of creatine (n = 32) had a mean price per gram of $0.26 ± 0.17. Approximately 88% of alternative creatine products in this study are classified as having limited to no evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022034016SupplementationCreatine monohydrateMulti-ingredientFunctional ingredients |
| spellingShingle | Guillermo Escalante Adam M. Gonzalez Dean St Mart Michael Torres Jacob Echols Mariesha Islas Brad J. Schoenfeld Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? Heliyon Supplementation Creatine monohydrate Multi-ingredient Functional ingredients |
| title | Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? |
| title_full | Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? |
| title_short | Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on Amazon.com: are label claims supported by science? |
| title_sort | analysis of the efficacy safety and cost of alternative forms of creatine available for purchase on amazon com are label claims supported by science |
| topic | Supplementation Creatine monohydrate Multi-ingredient Functional ingredients |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022034016 |
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