The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test
Alpha-pinene (α- pinene), an essential oil that falls under the category of monoterpenes, has various advantages. This research delves into the potential benefits of α-pinene in alleviating nociception caused by the formalin test and the molecular mechanisms involved. Alpha-pinene (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Brain Research Bulletin |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923023001995 |
| _version_ | 1797657920279674880 |
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| author | Kaveh Rahimi Mohammad Zalaghi Elahe Ggazi Shehnizad Ghazal Salari Fatemeh Baghdezfoli Akram Ebrahimifar |
| author_facet | Kaveh Rahimi Mohammad Zalaghi Elahe Ggazi Shehnizad Ghazal Salari Fatemeh Baghdezfoli Akram Ebrahimifar |
| author_sort | Kaveh Rahimi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alpha-pinene (α- pinene), an essential oil that falls under the category of monoterpenes, has various advantages. This research delves into the potential benefits of α-pinene in alleviating nociception caused by the formalin test and the molecular mechanisms involved. Alpha-pinene (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administrated for 7 days before the formalin test. Observations of nociceptive behaviors were made during the formalin test. We examined the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the expression of COX-1 in the spinal cord. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA in the skin of the hind paw that received a formalin injection. The peripheral injection of formalin triggered nociceptive behaviors, which was notably diminished by α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg. The biochemical evaluation revealed that α-pinene significantly moderated the evaluation in TNF-α and IL-1β in the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. Additionally, it was found that α-pinene had a decreasing effect on the expression of COX-1 protein in the spinal cord. Also, α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg caused a decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA and an increase of SOD, GSH, and CAT at the formalin injection site. The study discovered that doses of 5 or 10 mg/ml of α-pinene can effectively relieve nociceptive response in the formalin test. Alpha-pinene pretreatment reduced the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also improved the oxidative stress condition by enhancing antioxidant factors and reducing oxidant factors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T17:51:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f0aa4274bb9d45b1849c4d1b771be188 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1873-2747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T17:51:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Brain Research Bulletin |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0aa4274bb9d45b1849c4d1b771be1882023-10-18T04:30:19ZengElsevierBrain Research Bulletin1873-27472023-10-01203110774The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin testKaveh Rahimi0Mohammad Zalaghi1Elahe Ggazi Shehnizad2Ghazal Salari3Fatemeh Baghdezfoli4Akram Ebrahimifar5Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Corresponding author.Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranMedicine School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranAlpha-pinene (α- pinene), an essential oil that falls under the category of monoterpenes, has various advantages. This research delves into the potential benefits of α-pinene in alleviating nociception caused by the formalin test and the molecular mechanisms involved. Alpha-pinene (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administrated for 7 days before the formalin test. Observations of nociceptive behaviors were made during the formalin test. We examined the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the expression of COX-1 in the spinal cord. Additionally, we evaluated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA in the skin of the hind paw that received a formalin injection. The peripheral injection of formalin triggered nociceptive behaviors, which was notably diminished by α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg. The biochemical evaluation revealed that α-pinene significantly moderated the evaluation in TNF-α and IL-1β in the spinal cord induced by formalin injection. Additionally, it was found that α-pinene had a decreasing effect on the expression of COX-1 protein in the spinal cord. Also, α-pinene 5 or 10 mg/kg caused a decrease of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA and an increase of SOD, GSH, and CAT at the formalin injection site. The study discovered that doses of 5 or 10 mg/ml of α-pinene can effectively relieve nociceptive response in the formalin test. Alpha-pinene pretreatment reduced the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also improved the oxidative stress condition by enhancing antioxidant factors and reducing oxidant factors.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923023001995Alpha-pinenePro-inflammatory cytokinesOxidative stressFormalin test |
| spellingShingle | Kaveh Rahimi Mohammad Zalaghi Elahe Ggazi Shehnizad Ghazal Salari Fatemeh Baghdezfoli Akram Ebrahimifar The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test Brain Research Bulletin Alpha-pinene Pro-inflammatory cytokines Oxidative stress Formalin test |
| title | The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| title_full | The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| title_fullStr | The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| title_short | The effects of alpha-pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| title_sort | effects of alpha pinene on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the formalin test |
| topic | Alpha-pinene Pro-inflammatory cytokines Oxidative stress Formalin test |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923023001995 |
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