Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)]
The present work was carried out to evaluate the effects of irrigation with two different municipal wastewaters (secondary-treated wastewater (SW) and tertiary-treated wastewater (TW)) compared to freshwater (FW) on main qualitative parameters of three different classes of globe artichoke (main, sec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/1/53 |
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| author | Anna Gagliardi Marcella Michela Giuliani Federica Carucci Matteo Francavilla Giuseppe Gatta |
| author_facet | Anna Gagliardi Marcella Michela Giuliani Federica Carucci Matteo Francavilla Giuseppe Gatta |
| author_sort | Anna Gagliardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present work was carried out to evaluate the effects of irrigation with two different municipal wastewaters (secondary-treated wastewater (SW) and tertiary-treated wastewater (TW)) compared to freshwater (FW) on main qualitative parameters of three different classes of globe artichoke (main, secondary, and processing heads). The experimental trial was conducted in Southern Italy (Apulia region) for two cropping cycles (GS1 and GS2) using ‘Violetto di Provenza’ as cultivar. The artichoke heads were analyzed for proximate composition (dry matter, total sugar, total fat, ash, and total protein), percentage of edible part, mineral profile (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate) and polyphenolic acids content (caffeoylquinic acids and flavones). Both SW and TW treatments caused an increase of the percentage of the edible part, head protein contents, and mineral elements of the main and processing heads. Moreover, SW statistically increased the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and the trans-ferulic acid content, while both SW and TW the flavones content. Finally, according to the multivariate analysis adopted, in our experimental conditions, the mineral component of the heads, such as chloride, potassium, copper, and zinc content, had a greater weight in the separation of FW, SW, and TW. On the other hand, the polyphenolic 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and 1,5-di-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid had a greater weight in the separation of the head class groups (main, secondary, and processing). Moreover, the trans-ferulic acid content of the heads was related both to the irrigation water type and to the different head classes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T23:05:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f0cde6a93eca4a49b53dce21efeff925 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T23:05:38Z |
| publishDate | 2019-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0cde6a93eca4a49b53dce21efeff9252022-12-21T22:44:21ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952019-12-011015310.3390/agronomy10010053agronomy10010053Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)]Anna Gagliardi0Marcella Michela Giuliani1Federica Carucci2Matteo Francavilla3Giuseppe Gatta4Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural Food and Environmental Science, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, ItalyThe present work was carried out to evaluate the effects of irrigation with two different municipal wastewaters (secondary-treated wastewater (SW) and tertiary-treated wastewater (TW)) compared to freshwater (FW) on main qualitative parameters of three different classes of globe artichoke (main, secondary, and processing heads). The experimental trial was conducted in Southern Italy (Apulia region) for two cropping cycles (GS1 and GS2) using ‘Violetto di Provenza’ as cultivar. The artichoke heads were analyzed for proximate composition (dry matter, total sugar, total fat, ash, and total protein), percentage of edible part, mineral profile (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate) and polyphenolic acids content (caffeoylquinic acids and flavones). Both SW and TW treatments caused an increase of the percentage of the edible part, head protein contents, and mineral elements of the main and processing heads. Moreover, SW statistically increased the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and the trans-ferulic acid content, while both SW and TW the flavones content. Finally, according to the multivariate analysis adopted, in our experimental conditions, the mineral component of the heads, such as chloride, potassium, copper, and zinc content, had a greater weight in the separation of FW, SW, and TW. On the other hand, the polyphenolic 5-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and 1,5-di-<i>O</i>-caffeoylquinic acid had a greater weight in the separation of the head class groups (main, secondary, and processing). Moreover, the trans-ferulic acid content of the heads was related both to the irrigation water type and to the different head classes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/1/53reclaimed wastewaterglobe artichokecrop qualitypolyphenolic compoundsfood analysisantioxidant activity |
| spellingShingle | Anna Gagliardi Marcella Michela Giuliani Federica Carucci Matteo Francavilla Giuseppe Gatta Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] Agronomy reclaimed wastewater globe artichoke crop quality polyphenolic compounds food analysis antioxidant activity |
| title | Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] |
| title_full | Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] |
| title_short | Effects of the Irrigation with Treated Wastewaters on the Proximate Composition, Mineral, and Polyphenolic Profile of the Globe Artichoke Heads [<i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (L.)] |
| title_sort | effects of the irrigation with treated wastewaters on the proximate composition mineral and polyphenolic profile of the globe artichoke heads i cynara cardunculus i l |
| topic | reclaimed wastewater globe artichoke crop quality polyphenolic compounds food analysis antioxidant activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/1/53 |
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