Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study
Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/1/26 |
| _version_ | 1827372571158380544 |
|---|---|
| author | Kyung-Hyun Cho Seung-Hee Baek Hyo-Seon Nam Ashutosh Bahuguna Luis Ernesto López-González Iván Rodríguez-Cortina José Illnait-Ferrer Julio César Fernández-Travieso Vivian Molina-Cuevas Yohani Pérez-Guerra Ambar Oyarzabal Yera Sarahi Mendoza-Castaño |
| author_facet | Kyung-Hyun Cho Seung-Hee Baek Hyo-Seon Nam Ashutosh Bahuguna Luis Ernesto López-González Iván Rodríguez-Cortina José Illnait-Ferrer Julio César Fernández-Travieso Vivian Molina-Cuevas Yohani Pérez-Guerra Ambar Oyarzabal Yera Sarahi Mendoza-Castaño |
| author_sort | Kyung-Hyun Cho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability. Furthermore, the implication of BWA consumption on the oxidative plasma variables was assessed by a preliminary clinical study on middle-aged and older human subjects (<i>n</i> = 50). Results support BWA augmentation of PON-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (10–30 μM), which was significantly better than the effect exerted by coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (CoQ<sub>10</sub>). Moreover, BWA significantly curtails LDL/apo-B oxidation evoked by CuSO<sub>4</sub> (final 0.5 μM) and a causes a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in LDL. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a healing effect of BWA towards the restoration of LDL morphology and size impaired by the exposure of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions (final 0.5 μM). Additionally, BWA counters the toxicity induced by carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) and rescues zebrafish embryos from development deformities and apoptotic cell death. A completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical study on middle- and older-aged human subjects (<i>n</i> = 50) showed that 12 weeks of BWA (100 mg/day) supplementation efficiently diminished serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total hydroperoxides and enhanced total antioxidant status by 25%, 27%, and 22%, respectively, compared to the placebo-control and baseline values. Furthermore, the consumption of BWA did not exhibit any noteworthy changes in physical variables, lipid profile, glucose levels, and biomarkers pertinent to kidney and liver function, thus confirming the safety of BWA for consumption. Conclusively, in vitro, BWA prevents LDL oxidation, enhances PON-1 activity in HDL, and positively influences oxidative variables in human subjects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:01:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f0d61081b4d04b8fa26d2a8074d0076d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1467-3037 1467-3045 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T11:01:39Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0d61081b4d04b8fa26d2a8074d0076d2024-01-26T15:50:39ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452024-01-0146140942910.3390/cimb46010026Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical StudyKyung-Hyun Cho0Seung-Hee Baek1Hyo-Seon Nam2Ashutosh Bahuguna3Luis Ernesto López-González4Iván Rodríguez-Cortina5José Illnait-Ferrer6Julio César Fernández-Travieso7Vivian Molina-Cuevas8Yohani Pérez-Guerra9Ambar Oyarzabal Yera10Sarahi Mendoza-Castaño11Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaRaydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of KoreaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaNational Centre for Scientific Research, Havana 11300, CubaOxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability. Furthermore, the implication of BWA consumption on the oxidative plasma variables was assessed by a preliminary clinical study on middle-aged and older human subjects (<i>n</i> = 50). Results support BWA augmentation of PON-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (10–30 μM), which was significantly better than the effect exerted by coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> (CoQ<sub>10</sub>). Moreover, BWA significantly curtails LDL/apo-B oxidation evoked by CuSO<sub>4</sub> (final 0.5 μM) and a causes a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in LDL. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a healing effect of BWA towards the restoration of LDL morphology and size impaired by the exposure of Cu<sup>2+</sup> ions (final 0.5 μM). Additionally, BWA counters the toxicity induced by carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) and rescues zebrafish embryos from development deformities and apoptotic cell death. A completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical study on middle- and older-aged human subjects (<i>n</i> = 50) showed that 12 weeks of BWA (100 mg/day) supplementation efficiently diminished serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total hydroperoxides and enhanced total antioxidant status by 25%, 27%, and 22%, respectively, compared to the placebo-control and baseline values. Furthermore, the consumption of BWA did not exhibit any noteworthy changes in physical variables, lipid profile, glucose levels, and biomarkers pertinent to kidney and liver function, thus confirming the safety of BWA for consumption. Conclusively, in vitro, BWA prevents LDL oxidation, enhances PON-1 activity in HDL, and positively influences oxidative variables in human subjects.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/1/26beeswax alcoholclinical trialshigh-density lipoproteinslow-density lipoproteinsoxidative stressparaoxonase-1 |
| spellingShingle | Kyung-Hyun Cho Seung-Hee Baek Hyo-Seon Nam Ashutosh Bahuguna Luis Ernesto López-González Iván Rodríguez-Cortina José Illnait-Ferrer Julio César Fernández-Travieso Vivian Molina-Cuevas Yohani Pérez-Guerra Ambar Oyarzabal Yera Sarahi Mendoza-Castaño Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study Current Issues in Molecular Biology beeswax alcohol clinical trials high-density lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins oxidative stress paraoxonase-1 |
| title | Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study |
| title_full | Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study |
| title_fullStr | Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study |
| title_short | Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study |
| title_sort | beeswax alcohol prevents low density lipoprotein oxidation and demonstrates antioxidant activities in zebrafish embryos and human subjects a clinical study |
| topic | beeswax alcohol clinical trials high-density lipoproteins low-density lipoproteins oxidative stress paraoxonase-1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/1/26 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kyunghyuncho beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT seungheebaek beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT hyoseonnam beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT ashutoshbahuguna beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT luisernestolopezgonzalez beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT ivanrodriguezcortina beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT joseillnaitferrer beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT juliocesarfernandeztravieso beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT vivianmolinacuevas beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT yohaniperezguerra beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT ambaroyarzabalyera beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy AT sarahimendozacastano beeswaxalcoholpreventslowdensitylipoproteinoxidationanddemonstratesantioxidantactivitiesinzebrafishembryosandhumansubjectsaclinicalstudy |