A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders
Non-destructive subsurface detection of encapsulated, coated, or seal-packaged foods and pharmaceuticals can help prevent distribution and consumption of counterfeit or hazardous products. This study used a Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) method to detect and identify urea, ibuprofen, and...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2017-03-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/618 |
| _version_ | 1828372037836472320 |
|---|---|
| author | Kuanglin Chao Sagar Dhakal Jianwei Qin Yankun Peng Walter F. Schmidt Moon S. Kim Diane E. Chan |
| author_facet | Kuanglin Chao Sagar Dhakal Jianwei Qin Yankun Peng Walter F. Schmidt Moon S. Kim Diane E. Chan |
| author_sort | Kuanglin Chao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Non-destructive subsurface detection of encapsulated, coated, or seal-packaged foods and pharmaceuticals can help prevent distribution and consumption of counterfeit or hazardous products. This study used a Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) method to detect and identify urea, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen powders contained within one or more (up to eight) layers of gelatin capsules to demonstrate subsurface chemical detection and identification. A 785-nm point-scan Raman spectroscopy system was used to acquire spatially offset Raman spectra for an offset range of 0 to 10 mm from the surfaces of 24 encapsulated samples, using a step size of 0.1 mm to obtain 101 spectral measurements per sample. As the offset distance was increased, the spectral contribution from the subsurface powder gradually outweighed that of the surface capsule layers, allowing for detection of the encapsulated powders. Containing mixed contributions from the powder and capsule, the SORS spectra for each sample were resolved into pure component spectra using self-modeling mixture analysis (SMA) and the corresponding components were identified using spectral information divergence values. As demonstrated here for detecting chemicals contained inside thick capsule layers, this SORS measurement technique coupled with SMA has the potential to be a reliable non-destructive method for subsurface inspection and authentication of foods, health supplements, and pharmaceutical products that are prepared or packaged with semi-transparent materials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:57:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f0da24d60526438aaf12ad32298037cb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:57:40Z |
| publishDate | 2017-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0da24d60526438aaf12ad32298037cb2022-12-22T02:06:51ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202017-03-0117361810.3390/s17030618s17030618A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated PowdersKuanglin Chao0Sagar Dhakal1Jianwei Qin2Yankun Peng3Walter F. Schmidt4Moon S. Kim5Diane E. Chan6Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USANational R&D Centre for Agro-Processing, China Agriculture University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian, Beijing 100083, ChinaEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USAEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 303 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USANon-destructive subsurface detection of encapsulated, coated, or seal-packaged foods and pharmaceuticals can help prevent distribution and consumption of counterfeit or hazardous products. This study used a Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) method to detect and identify urea, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen powders contained within one or more (up to eight) layers of gelatin capsules to demonstrate subsurface chemical detection and identification. A 785-nm point-scan Raman spectroscopy system was used to acquire spatially offset Raman spectra for an offset range of 0 to 10 mm from the surfaces of 24 encapsulated samples, using a step size of 0.1 mm to obtain 101 spectral measurements per sample. As the offset distance was increased, the spectral contribution from the subsurface powder gradually outweighed that of the surface capsule layers, allowing for detection of the encapsulated powders. Containing mixed contributions from the powder and capsule, the SORS spectra for each sample were resolved into pure component spectra using self-modeling mixture analysis (SMA) and the corresponding components were identified using spectral information divergence values. As demonstrated here for detecting chemicals contained inside thick capsule layers, this SORS measurement technique coupled with SMA has the potential to be a reliable non-destructive method for subsurface inspection and authentication of foods, health supplements, and pharmaceutical products that are prepared or packaged with semi-transparent materials.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/618spatially offset Raman spectroscopyself-modeling mixture analysissubsurface detectionquality control |
| spellingShingle | Kuanglin Chao Sagar Dhakal Jianwei Qin Yankun Peng Walter F. Schmidt Moon S. Kim Diane E. Chan A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders Sensors spatially offset Raman spectroscopy self-modeling mixture analysis subsurface detection quality control |
| title | A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders |
| title_full | A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders |
| title_fullStr | A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders |
| title_short | A Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy Method for Non-Destructive Detection of Gelatin-Encapsulated Powders |
| title_sort | spatially offset raman spectroscopy method for non destructive detection of gelatin encapsulated powders |
| topic | spatially offset Raman spectroscopy self-modeling mixture analysis subsurface detection quality control |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/618 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuanglinchao aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT sagardhakal aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT jianweiqin aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT yankunpeng aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT walterfschmidt aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT moonskim aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT dianeechan aspatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT kuanglinchao spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT sagardhakal spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT jianweiqin spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT yankunpeng spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT walterfschmidt spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT moonskim spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders AT dianeechan spatiallyoffsetramanspectroscopymethodfornondestructivedetectionofgelatinencapsulatedpowders |