Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Diazinon (DZN) is a widely used pesticide that can affect the vital organs of non-target aquatic animals—mainly fish. This study evaluated the acute toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>) of six DZN concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) and, based on its evalua...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| author | Sara Vali Nava Majidiyan Dariush Azadikhah Matin Varcheh Nikola Tresnakova Caterina Faggio |
| author_facet | Sara Vali Nava Majidiyan Dariush Azadikhah Matin Varcheh Nikola Tresnakova Caterina Faggio |
| author_sort | Sara Vali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diazinon (DZN) is a widely used pesticide that can affect the vital organs of non-target aquatic animals—mainly fish. This study evaluated the acute toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>) of six DZN concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) and, based on its evaluation after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h, two sublethal concentrations for chronic toxicity testing (0.01 and 0.05 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) for 21 days of exposure to DZN on grass carp fingerlings (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844). The median lethal concentrations of DZN at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 1.83, 1.57, 1.35, and 1.12 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Next, histological observations after 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> showed oedema of the primary lamellae of the gills at low pesticide concentrations (0.5 to 1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) and extensive necrosis of primary lamellae of the gills at higher concentrations (1.5 to 3 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>). Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuolation and extensive necrosis were observed in liver tissue. Increased skin mucus, unbalanced swimming on the water surface, and increased gill opercula movements were noted during chronic exposure. Haematological parameters such as haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly reduced after 21 days of exposure to 0.05 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> of DNZ (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The present study shows that DZN has various toxic effects on grass carp, which may pose a potential risk for other fish species. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f0dd282b49dd4b74b77e24fa7bd1a3142023-11-23T09:34:35ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-04-01149135710.3390/w14091357Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae)Sara Vali0Nava Majidiyan1Dariush Azadikhah2Matin Varcheh3Nikola Tresnakova4Caterina Faggio5Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, IranDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia 57169-63896, IranDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia 57169-63896, IranDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 38361-19131, IranBohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyDiazinon (DZN) is a widely used pesticide that can affect the vital organs of non-target aquatic animals—mainly fish. This study evaluated the acute toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>) of six DZN concentrations (0.5, 0.75, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) and, based on its evaluation after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h, two sublethal concentrations for chronic toxicity testing (0.01 and 0.05 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) for 21 days of exposure to DZN on grass carp fingerlings (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844). The median lethal concentrations of DZN at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 1.83, 1.57, 1.35, and 1.12 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Next, histological observations after 96 h LC<sub>50</sub> showed oedema of the primary lamellae of the gills at low pesticide concentrations (0.5 to 1 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>) and extensive necrosis of primary lamellae of the gills at higher concentrations (1.5 to 3 mg·L<sup>−1</sup>). Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuolation and extensive necrosis were observed in liver tissue. Increased skin mucus, unbalanced swimming on the water surface, and increased gill opercula movements were noted during chronic exposure. Haematological parameters such as haematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly reduced after 21 days of exposure to 0.05 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> of DNZ (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The present study shows that DZN has various toxic effects on grass carp, which may pose a potential risk for other fish species.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/9/1357CyprinidaehaematologyhistopathologyinsecticideLC<sub>50</sub> |
| spellingShingle | Sara Vali Nava Majidiyan Dariush Azadikhah Matin Varcheh Nikola Tresnakova Caterina Faggio Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Water Cyprinidae haematology histopathology insecticide LC<sub>50</sub> |
| title | Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| title_full | Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| title_short | Effects of Diazinon on the Survival, Blood Parameters, Gills, and Liver of Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i> Valenciennes, 1844; Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| title_sort | effects of diazinon on the survival blood parameters gills and liver of grass carp i ctenopharyngodon idella i valenciennes 1844 teleostei cyprinidae |
| topic | Cyprinidae haematology histopathology insecticide LC<sub>50</sub> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/9/1357 |
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