Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Hydrocephalus is a complicated disorder that affects both adult and pediatric populations. The mechanism of hydrocephalus development, especially when there is no mass lesion present causing an obstructive, is poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (S...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2306 |
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| author | Xiaodi Hao Fenghui Ye Katherine G. Holste Ya Hua Hugh J. L. Garton Richard F. Keep Guohua Xi |
| author_facet | Xiaodi Hao Fenghui Ye Katherine G. Holste Ya Hua Hugh J. L. Garton Richard F. Keep Guohua Xi |
| author_sort | Xiaodi Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrocephalus is a complicated disorder that affects both adult and pediatric populations. The mechanism of hydrocephalus development, especially when there is no mass lesion present causing an obstructive, is poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) develop hydrocephalus by week 7, which was attenuated with minocycline. The aim of this study was to determine sex differences in hydrocephalus development and to examine the effect of minocycline administration after hydrocephalus onset. Male and female Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at weeks 7 and 9 to determine ventricular volume. Choroid plexus epiplexus cell activation, cognitive deficits, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal loss were examined at week 9. In the second phase of the experiment, male SHRs (7 weeks old) were treated with either saline or minocycline (20 mg/kg) for 14 days, and similar radiologic, histologic, and behavior tests were performed. Hydrocephalus was present at week 7 and increased at week 9 in both male and female SHRs, which was associated with greater epiplexus cell activation than WKYs. Male SHRs had greater ventricular volume and epiplexus cell activation compared to female SHRs. Minocycline administration improved cognitive function, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss. In conclusion, while both male and female SHRs developed hydrocephalus and epiplexus cell activation by week 9, it was more severe in males. Delayed minocycline treatment alleviated hydrocephalus, epiplexus macrophage activation, brain pathology, and cognitive impairment in male SHRs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:44:35Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:44:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f0e1199138ae42a8bbaab0b7fb3045932023-11-23T20:23:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-02-01234230610.3390/ijms23042306Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive RatsXiaodi Hao0Fenghui Ye1Katherine G. Holste2Ya Hua3Hugh J. L. Garton4Richard F. Keep5Guohua Xi6Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAHydrocephalus is a complicated disorder that affects both adult and pediatric populations. The mechanism of hydrocephalus development, especially when there is no mass lesion present causing an obstructive, is poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) develop hydrocephalus by week 7, which was attenuated with minocycline. The aim of this study was to determine sex differences in hydrocephalus development and to examine the effect of minocycline administration after hydrocephalus onset. Male and female Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at weeks 7 and 9 to determine ventricular volume. Choroid plexus epiplexus cell activation, cognitive deficits, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal loss were examined at week 9. In the second phase of the experiment, male SHRs (7 weeks old) were treated with either saline or minocycline (20 mg/kg) for 14 days, and similar radiologic, histologic, and behavior tests were performed. Hydrocephalus was present at week 7 and increased at week 9 in both male and female SHRs, which was associated with greater epiplexus cell activation than WKYs. Male SHRs had greater ventricular volume and epiplexus cell activation compared to female SHRs. Minocycline administration improved cognitive function, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss. In conclusion, while both male and female SHRs developed hydrocephalus and epiplexus cell activation by week 9, it was more severe in males. Delayed minocycline treatment alleviated hydrocephalus, epiplexus macrophage activation, brain pathology, and cognitive impairment in male SHRs.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2306hydrocephalusspontaneously hypertensive ratsminocyclineepiplexus cellsmacrophageschoroid plexus |
| spellingShingle | Xiaodi Hao Fenghui Ye Katherine G. Holste Ya Hua Hugh J. L. Garton Richard F. Keep Guohua Xi Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats International Journal of Molecular Sciences hydrocephalus spontaneously hypertensive rats minocycline epiplexus cells macrophages choroid plexus |
| title | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats |
| title_full | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats |
| title_fullStr | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats |
| title_short | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats |
| title_sort | delayed minocycline treatment ameliorates hydrocephalus development and choroid plexus inflammation in spontaneously hypertensive rats |
| topic | hydrocephalus spontaneously hypertensive rats minocycline epiplexus cells macrophages choroid plexus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/4/2306 |
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