A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique
In this study, the effect of chromium impurities on the crystal structure and lattice microstrains of tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations...
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| author | Leili Motevalizadeh Masoud Tahani |
| author_facet | Leili Motevalizadeh Masoud Tahani |
| author_sort | Leili Motevalizadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the effect of chromium impurities on the crystal structure and lattice microstrains of tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations (5%, 8%, 10% and 15%) of Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were prepared using the sol–gel technique and subsequently calcined at 550 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized to examine the structure and morphology of the doped nanoparticles. The XRD patterns of tin oxide nanoparticles with different percentages of chromium impurities showed a tetragonal structure without any additional phase. The TEM images of pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles showed a uniform distribution of size and shape, with relatively smaller sizes compared to Cr-doped nanoparticles. To investigate the peak broadening of Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, the Halder–Wagner method and Williamson–Hall models were employed to examine the effects of crystallite sizes and lattice strain. The results showed that increasing the impurity has a dual effect on nanoparticle sizes. Increasing the chromium impurity up to 8% led to an increase in compressive stress caused by the substitution of Sn ions with Cr ions on the crystal structure of rutile, resulting in an increase in the magnitude of lattice strain. However, when the chromium impurity was increased up to 15%, interstitial doping was preferred over substitutional doping. The compressive stress was subsequently converted to tensile stress, requiring the system to spend some of its energy to overcome the compressive stress, with the remaining energy reflected in the form of tensile stress. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained for all of the samples, confirming the XRD analyses. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:36:19Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f0e4feae2b6a4cf5b9a6b3481453acb52023-11-18T09:56:35ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522023-06-0113691910.3390/cryst13060919A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel TechniqueLeili Motevalizadeh0Masoud Tahani1Department of Physics, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad 91871-47578, IranDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, IranIn this study, the effect of chromium impurities on the crystal structure and lattice microstrains of tin oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. Additionally, various concentrations (5%, 8%, 10% and 15%) of Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were prepared using the sol–gel technique and subsequently calcined at 550 °C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized to examine the structure and morphology of the doped nanoparticles. The XRD patterns of tin oxide nanoparticles with different percentages of chromium impurities showed a tetragonal structure without any additional phase. The TEM images of pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles showed a uniform distribution of size and shape, with relatively smaller sizes compared to Cr-doped nanoparticles. To investigate the peak broadening of Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, the Halder–Wagner method and Williamson–Hall models were employed to examine the effects of crystallite sizes and lattice strain. The results showed that increasing the impurity has a dual effect on nanoparticle sizes. Increasing the chromium impurity up to 8% led to an increase in compressive stress caused by the substitution of Sn ions with Cr ions on the crystal structure of rutile, resulting in an increase in the magnitude of lattice strain. However, when the chromium impurity was increased up to 15%, interstitial doping was preferred over substitutional doping. The compressive stress was subsequently converted to tensile stress, requiring the system to spend some of its energy to overcome the compressive stress, with the remaining energy reflected in the form of tensile stress. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained for all of the samples, confirming the XRD analyses.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/6/919Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub>sol–gelWilliamson–Hall modelsHalder–Wagner methodmicrostrains |
| spellingShingle | Leili Motevalizadeh Masoud Tahani A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique Crystals Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> sol–gel Williamson–Hall models Halder–Wagner method microstrains |
| title | A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique |
| title_full | A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique |
| title_fullStr | A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique |
| title_short | A Phenomenological Study of Chromium Impurity Effects on Lattice Microstrains of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Prepared Using Sol–Gel Technique |
| title_sort | phenomenological study of chromium impurity effects on lattice microstrains of sno sub 2 sub nanoparticles prepared using sol gel technique |
| topic | Cr-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> sol–gel Williamson–Hall models Halder–Wagner method microstrains |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/13/6/919 |
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