Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains
In the present work, the conducted research concerned the determination of the toxicity and oxidative stress generation of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU), its metabolite nor-fluoxetine (Nor-FLU), the antibiotic nalidixic acid (NA), caffeic acid (CA) and their mixtures in three different environ...
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/9/3600 |
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| author | Marzena Matejczyk Piotr Ofman Józefa Wiater Renata Świsłocka Paweł Kondzior Włodzimierz Lewandowski |
| author_facet | Marzena Matejczyk Piotr Ofman Józefa Wiater Renata Świsłocka Paweł Kondzior Włodzimierz Lewandowski |
| author_sort | Marzena Matejczyk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present work, the conducted research concerned the determination of the toxicity and oxidative stress generation of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU), its metabolite nor-fluoxetine (Nor-FLU), the antibiotic nalidixic acid (NA), caffeic acid (CA) and their mixtures in three different environments: microbial medium (MM), raw wastewaters (RW) and treated wastewaters (TW). We evaluated the following parameters: <i>E. coli</i> cell viability, toxicity and protein damage, <i>sodA</i> promoter induction and ROS generation. It was found that FLU, Nor-FLU, NA, CA and their mixtures are toxic and they have the potency to generate oxidative stress in <i>E. coli</i> strains. We also detected that the wastewater, in comparison to the microbial medium, had an influence on the toxic activity and oxidative stress synthesis of the tested chemicals and their mixtures. Regardless of the environment under study, the strongest toxic activity and oxidative stress generation were detected after bacterial incubation with NA at a concentration of 1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> and the mixture of FLU (1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) with Nor-FLU (0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) and with NA (0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>). The ROS synthesis and <i>sodA</i> promoter induction suggest that, in the case of the examined compounds and their mixtures, oxidative stress is the mechanism of toxicity. The analysis of the types of interactions among the substances constituting the mixtures in the wastewater revealed synergism, potentiation and antagonism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:13:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f133ef952f0c492a9c9aefe23a890614 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:13:42Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-f133ef952f0c492a9c9aefe23a8906142023-11-17T23:18:17ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-05-01169360010.3390/ma16093600Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator StrainsMarzena Matejczyk0Piotr Ofman1Józefa Wiater2Renata Świsłocka3Paweł Kondzior4Włodzimierz Lewandowski5Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Technology in Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandDepartment of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandFaculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Bialystok, PolandIn the present work, the conducted research concerned the determination of the toxicity and oxidative stress generation of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU), its metabolite nor-fluoxetine (Nor-FLU), the antibiotic nalidixic acid (NA), caffeic acid (CA) and their mixtures in three different environments: microbial medium (MM), raw wastewaters (RW) and treated wastewaters (TW). We evaluated the following parameters: <i>E. coli</i> cell viability, toxicity and protein damage, <i>sodA</i> promoter induction and ROS generation. It was found that FLU, Nor-FLU, NA, CA and their mixtures are toxic and they have the potency to generate oxidative stress in <i>E. coli</i> strains. We also detected that the wastewater, in comparison to the microbial medium, had an influence on the toxic activity and oxidative stress synthesis of the tested chemicals and their mixtures. Regardless of the environment under study, the strongest toxic activity and oxidative stress generation were detected after bacterial incubation with NA at a concentration of 1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup> and the mixture of FLU (1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) with Nor-FLU (0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>) and with NA (0.1 mg/dm<sup>3</sup>). The ROS synthesis and <i>sodA</i> promoter induction suggest that, in the case of the examined compounds and their mixtures, oxidative stress is the mechanism of toxicity. The analysis of the types of interactions among the substances constituting the mixtures in the wastewater revealed synergism, potentiation and antagonism.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/9/3600toxicityfluoxetinenalidixic acidcaffeic acidwastewatersmicrobial bioindicator |
| spellingShingle | Marzena Matejczyk Piotr Ofman Józefa Wiater Renata Świsłocka Paweł Kondzior Włodzimierz Lewandowski Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains Materials toxicity fluoxetine nalidixic acid caffeic acid wastewaters microbial bioindicator |
| title | Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains |
| title_full | Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains |
| title_fullStr | Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains |
| title_short | Determination of the Effect of Wastewater on the Biological Activity of Mixtures of Fluoxetine and Its Metabolite Norfluoxetine with Nalidixic and Caffeic Acids with Use of <i>E. coli</i> Microbial Bioindicator Strains |
| title_sort | determination of the effect of wastewater on the biological activity of mixtures of fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine with nalidixic and caffeic acids with use of i e coli i microbial bioindicator strains |
| topic | toxicity fluoxetine nalidixic acid caffeic acid wastewaters microbial bioindicator |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/9/3600 |
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