A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores
Abstract Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and ga...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Wiley
2019-07-01
|
| Series: | Ecology and Evolution |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5389 |
| _version_ | 1818642929644732416 |
|---|---|
| author | Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan Margaret B. Mohring Marion Cambridge Melinda A. Coleman Gary A. Kendrick Thomas Wernberg |
| author_facet | Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan Margaret B. Mohring Marion Cambridge Melinda A. Coleman Gary A. Kendrick Thomas Wernberg |
| author_sort | Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and gametophyte growth. Here, we review and synthesize the protocols that have been used to induce zoospore release in kelps to identify commonalities and provide guidance on best practices. We found 171 papers, where zoospore release was induced in four kelp families from 35 different ecoregions. The most commonly treated family was Laminariaceae, followed by Lessoniaceae and the most studied ecoregion was Central Chile, followed by the Southern California Bight. Zoospore release generally involved three steps: a pretreatment which included cleaning of the reproductive tissue to eliminate epiphytic organisms, followed by desiccation of the tissue, and finally a postdesiccation immersion of the reproductive material in a seawater medium for zoospore release. Despite these commonalities, there was a high degree of variation in the detail within each of these steps, even among studies within genera and from the same ecoregions. This suggests either that zoospore release may be relatively insensitive across the Laminariales or that little methods optimization has been undertaken. We suggest that greater attention to standardization of protocols and reporting of methodology and optimization would improve comparisons of kelp zoospore release across species and locations and facilitate a broader understanding of this key, but understudied life history stage. Open Research Badges This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0kh1f8j. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T23:50:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f1594401cf89438990baa747cafcfc0e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-7758 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T23:50:52Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-f1594401cf89438990baa747cafcfc0e2022-12-21T22:11:21ZengWileyEcology and Evolution2045-77582019-07-019148387839810.1002/ece3.5389A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoosporesNahlah A. Alsuwaiyan0Margaret B. Mohring1Marion Cambridge2Melinda A. Coleman3Gary A. Kendrick4Thomas Wernberg5School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia AustraliaSchool of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia AustraliaSchool of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia AustraliaNational Marine Science Centre Southern Cross University Coffs Harbour New South Wales AustraliaSchool of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia AustraliaSchool of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia AustraliaAbstract Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and gametophyte growth. Here, we review and synthesize the protocols that have been used to induce zoospore release in kelps to identify commonalities and provide guidance on best practices. We found 171 papers, where zoospore release was induced in four kelp families from 35 different ecoregions. The most commonly treated family was Laminariaceae, followed by Lessoniaceae and the most studied ecoregion was Central Chile, followed by the Southern California Bight. Zoospore release generally involved three steps: a pretreatment which included cleaning of the reproductive tissue to eliminate epiphytic organisms, followed by desiccation of the tissue, and finally a postdesiccation immersion of the reproductive material in a seawater medium for zoospore release. Despite these commonalities, there was a high degree of variation in the detail within each of these steps, even among studies within genera and from the same ecoregions. This suggests either that zoospore release may be relatively insensitive across the Laminariales or that little methods optimization has been undertaken. We suggest that greater attention to standardization of protocols and reporting of methodology and optimization would improve comparisons of kelp zoospore release across species and locations and facilitate a broader understanding of this key, but understudied life history stage. Open Research Badges This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0kh1f8j.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5389desiccationgametophyteskelp forestsLaminarialeszoospore releasezoospores |
| spellingShingle | Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan Margaret B. Mohring Marion Cambridge Melinda A. Coleman Gary A. Kendrick Thomas Wernberg A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores Ecology and Evolution desiccation gametophytes kelp forests Laminariales zoospore release zoospores |
| title | A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores |
| title_full | A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores |
| title_fullStr | A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores |
| title_full_unstemmed | A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores |
| title_short | A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores |
| title_sort | review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp laminariales zoospores |
| topic | desiccation gametophytes kelp forests Laminariales zoospore release zoospores |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5389 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nahlahaalsuwaiyan areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT margaretbmohring areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT marioncambridge areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT melindaacoleman areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT garyakendrick areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT thomaswernberg areviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT nahlahaalsuwaiyan reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT margaretbmohring reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT marioncambridge reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT melindaacoleman reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT garyakendrick reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores AT thomaswernberg reviewofprotocolsfortheexperimentalreleaseofkelplaminarialeszoospores |