Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
We found that the typical fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) and plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are often detected simultaneously and at high frequencies in the environment, but their combined exposure effects on soil animals are poorly understood. Here, oxidative stress,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/7/1777 |
| _version_ | 1797590684691070976 |
|---|---|
| author | Jianpeng Gao Qinghong Sun Yuan-Liang Liu Wei-Jie Xiong Si-Han Zeng Yulong Zhang Yongtao Li Hui-Juan Xu |
| author_facet | Jianpeng Gao Qinghong Sun Yuan-Liang Liu Wei-Jie Xiong Si-Han Zeng Yulong Zhang Yongtao Li Hui-Juan Xu |
| author_sort | Jianpeng Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We found that the typical fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) and plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are often detected simultaneously and at high frequencies in the environment, but their combined exposure effects on soil animals are poorly understood. Here, oxidative stress, DNA damage and changes in digestibility of the earthworm were investigated to reflect the toxicological effects of single and combined exposure of DEHP and ENR on earthworms (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>). We found that the DEHP treatment group and the combined pollution treatment group showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species content of earthworms at 14 d and 28 d. ENR exposure alone had little effect on the antioxidant enzyme system, while DEHP and combined treatment showed a trend of inhibition and then activation. Addition of both pollutants caused a rise in the lipid peroxidation levels of earthworms. Malonaldehyde (MDA) was mainly scavenged by glutathione sulfur transferase (GST). ENR and DEHP caused more DNA damage to earthworm tissue than their combined pollution under the regulation of GST. Both single and combined pollution inhibited the digestive enzyme activity of earthworms, but the combined pollution had a stronger inhibitory effect. Cellulase, MDA and GST were the three most sensitive indicators on PCA. The toxicity was ENR + DEHP > DEHP > ENR according to the IBR index, and the combined toxicity showed a synergistic effect. The results showed that the combined pollution of phthalate esters and antibiotics in the actual environment was a significant ecological risk that deserves special attention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:24:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f15d5647e58d47acbe4e339e0256f974 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:24:02Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-f15d5647e58d47acbe4e339e0256f9742023-11-18T17:56:00ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-06-01137177710.3390/agronomy13071777Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) PhthalateJianpeng Gao0Qinghong Sun1Yuan-Liang Liu2Wei-Jie Xiong3Si-Han Zeng4Yulong Zhang5Yongtao Li6Hui-Juan Xu7Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaKey Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (South China), MOA, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaWe found that the typical fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin (ENR) and plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are often detected simultaneously and at high frequencies in the environment, but their combined exposure effects on soil animals are poorly understood. Here, oxidative stress, DNA damage and changes in digestibility of the earthworm were investigated to reflect the toxicological effects of single and combined exposure of DEHP and ENR on earthworms (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>). We found that the DEHP treatment group and the combined pollution treatment group showed significantly increased reactive oxygen species content of earthworms at 14 d and 28 d. ENR exposure alone had little effect on the antioxidant enzyme system, while DEHP and combined treatment showed a trend of inhibition and then activation. Addition of both pollutants caused a rise in the lipid peroxidation levels of earthworms. Malonaldehyde (MDA) was mainly scavenged by glutathione sulfur transferase (GST). ENR and DEHP caused more DNA damage to earthworm tissue than their combined pollution under the regulation of GST. Both single and combined pollution inhibited the digestive enzyme activity of earthworms, but the combined pollution had a stronger inhibitory effect. Cellulase, MDA and GST were the three most sensitive indicators on PCA. The toxicity was ENR + DEHP > DEHP > ENR according to the IBR index, and the combined toxicity showed a synergistic effect. The results showed that the combined pollution of phthalate esters and antibiotics in the actual environment was a significant ecological risk that deserves special attention.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/7/1777antibioticphthalic acid esterssoilcombined toxicityearthworms |
| spellingShingle | Jianpeng Gao Qinghong Sun Yuan-Liang Liu Wei-Jie Xiong Si-Han Zeng Yulong Zhang Yongtao Li Hui-Juan Xu Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Agronomy antibiotic phthalic acid esters soil combined toxicity earthworms |
| title | Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
| title_full | Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
| title_fullStr | Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
| title_short | Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) Induced by Enrofloxacin and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
| title_sort | ecotoxicological evaluation of earthworm i eisenia fetida i induced by enrofloxacin and di 2 ethylhexyl phthalate |
| topic | antibiotic phthalic acid esters soil combined toxicity earthworms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/7/1777 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jianpenggao ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT qinghongsun ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT yuanliangliu ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT weijiexiong ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT sihanzeng ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT yulongzhang ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT yongtaoli ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate AT huijuanxu ecotoxicologicalevaluationofearthwormieiseniafetidaiinducedbyenrofloxacinanddi2ethylhexylphthalate |