Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study
Training civilians to be soldiers is a challenging task often resulting in musculoskeletal injuries, especially bone stress injuries. This study evaluated bone health biomarkers (P1NP/CTX) and whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations before and after Army initial entry training (IET). Ninety ma...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2225 |
| _version_ | 1797561341424173056 |
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| author | JoEllen M. Sefton Kaitlin D. Lyons Darren T. Beck Cody T. Haun Matthew A. Romero Petey W. Mumford Paul A. Roberson Kaelin C. Young Michael D. Roberts Jeremy S. McAdam |
| author_facet | JoEllen M. Sefton Kaitlin D. Lyons Darren T. Beck Cody T. Haun Matthew A. Romero Petey W. Mumford Paul A. Roberson Kaelin C. Young Michael D. Roberts Jeremy S. McAdam |
| author_sort | JoEllen M. Sefton |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Training civilians to be soldiers is a challenging task often resulting in musculoskeletal injuries, especially bone stress injuries. This study evaluated bone health biomarkers (P1NP/CTX) and whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations before and after Army initial entry training (IET). Ninety male IET soldiers participated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study assessing carbohydrate and whey protein supplementations. Age and fat mass predicted bone formation when controlling for ethnicity, explaining 44% (<i>p</i> < 0.01) of bone formation variations. Age was the only significant predictor of bone resorption (<i>p</i> = 0.02) when controlling for run, fat, and ethnicity, and these factors together explained 32% of the variance in bone resorption during week one (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Vitamin D increased across training (<i>p</i> < 0.01). There was no group by time interaction for supplementation and bone formation (<i>p</i> = 0.75), resorption (<i>p</i> = 0.73), Vitamin D (<i>p</i> = 0.36), or calcium (<i>p</i> = 0.64), indicating no influence of a supplementation on bone biomarkers across training. Age, fitness, fat mass, and ethnicity were important predictors of bone metabolism. The bone resorption/formation ratio suggests IET soldiers are at risk of stress injuries. Male IET soldiers are mildly to moderately deficient in vitamin D and slightly deficient in calcium throughout training. Whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations did not affect the markers of bone metabolism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:12:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f15ed4e6ea5f4f239c1ab9c27f862175 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:12:34Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-f15ed4e6ea5f4f239c1ab9c27f8621752023-11-20T08:01:03ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-07-01128222510.3390/nu12082225Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled StudyJoEllen M. Sefton0Kaitlin D. Lyons1Darren T. Beck2Cody T. Haun3Matthew A. Romero4Petey W. Mumford5Paul A. Roberson6Kaelin C. Young7Michael D. Roberts8Jeremy S. McAdam9Warrior Research Center, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAWarrior Research Center, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAMolecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USAWarrior Research Center, School of Kinesiology, 301 Wire Road, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5323, USATraining civilians to be soldiers is a challenging task often resulting in musculoskeletal injuries, especially bone stress injuries. This study evaluated bone health biomarkers (P1NP/CTX) and whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations before and after Army initial entry training (IET). Ninety male IET soldiers participated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study assessing carbohydrate and whey protein supplementations. Age and fat mass predicted bone formation when controlling for ethnicity, explaining 44% (<i>p</i> < 0.01) of bone formation variations. Age was the only significant predictor of bone resorption (<i>p</i> = 0.02) when controlling for run, fat, and ethnicity, and these factors together explained 32% of the variance in bone resorption during week one (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Vitamin D increased across training (<i>p</i> < 0.01). There was no group by time interaction for supplementation and bone formation (<i>p</i> = 0.75), resorption (<i>p</i> = 0.73), Vitamin D (<i>p</i> = 0.36), or calcium (<i>p</i> = 0.64), indicating no influence of a supplementation on bone biomarkers across training. Age, fitness, fat mass, and ethnicity were important predictors of bone metabolism. The bone resorption/formation ratio suggests IET soldiers are at risk of stress injuries. Male IET soldiers are mildly to moderately deficient in vitamin D and slightly deficient in calcium throughout training. Whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations did not affect the markers of bone metabolism.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2225biomarkerbone injuryinjury preventionmilitary trainingmusculoskeletal injurystress fracture |
| spellingShingle | JoEllen M. Sefton Kaitlin D. Lyons Darren T. Beck Cody T. Haun Matthew A. Romero Petey W. Mumford Paul A. Roberson Kaelin C. Young Michael D. Roberts Jeremy S. McAdam Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study Nutrients biomarker bone injury injury prevention military training musculoskeletal injury stress fracture |
| title | Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study |
| title_full | Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study |
| title_fullStr | Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study |
| title_short | Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study |
| title_sort | markers of bone health and impact of whey protein supplementation in army initial entry training soldiers a double blind placebo controlled study |
| topic | biomarker bone injury injury prevention military training musculoskeletal injury stress fracture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/8/2225 |
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