A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region
The present study found that ∼80 million people in India, ∼60 million people in Pakistan, ∼70 million people in Bangladesh, and ∼3 million people in Nepal are exposed to arsenic groundwater contamination above 10 μg/L, while Sri Lanka remains moderately affected. In the case of fluoride contaminatio...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IWA Publishing
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Water and Health |
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| Online Access: | http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/22/2/235 |
| _version_ | 1797267985994350592 |
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| author | Yash Aryan Thambidurai Pon Balamurugan Panneerselvam Anil Kumar Dikshit |
| author_facet | Yash Aryan Thambidurai Pon Balamurugan Panneerselvam Anil Kumar Dikshit |
| author_sort | Yash Aryan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present study found that ∼80 million people in India, ∼60 million people in Pakistan, ∼70 million people in Bangladesh, and ∼3 million people in Nepal are exposed to arsenic groundwater contamination above 10 μg/L, while Sri Lanka remains moderately affected. In the case of fluoride contamination, ∼120 million in India, >2 million in Pakistan, and ∼0.5 million in Sri Lanka are exposed to the risk of fluoride above 1.5 mg/L, while Bangladesh and Nepal are mildly affected. The hazard quotient (HQ) for arsenic varied from 0 to 822 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 1,051 in Bangladesh, 0 to 582 in Nepal, and 0 to 89 in Sri Lanka. The cancer risk of arsenic varied from 0 to 1.64 × 1−1 in India, 0 to 1.07 × 10−1 in Pakistan, 0 to 2.10 × 10−1 in Bangladesh, 0 to 1.16 × 10−1 in Nepal, and 0 to 1.78 × 10−2 in Sri Lanka. In the case of fluoride, the HQ ranged from 0 to 21 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 18 in Bangladesh, 0 to 10 in Nepal, and 0 to 10 in Sri Lanka. Arsenic and fluoride have adverse effects on animals, resulting in chemical poisoning and skeletal fluorosis. Adsorption and membrane filtration have demonstrated outstanding treatment outcomes.
HIGHLIGHTS
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal are severely affected by As contamination.;
India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka are severely affected by F− contamination.;
Arsenic is found to cause DNA damage and promotes diabetes and obesity.;
Genetic background of person is found to increase or decrease the fluorosis risk;
There is a lack of adequate information on the hydro-geochemistry of pollutants.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T01:25:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f17ba3e85aac4e6d9a5504fc48875258 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1477-8920 1996-7829 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T01:25:17Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Water and Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-f17ba3e85aac4e6d9a5504fc488752582024-03-09T05:32:13ZengIWA PublishingJournal of Water and Health1477-89201996-78292024-02-0122223526710.2166/wh.2023.082082A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia regionYash Aryan0Thambidurai Pon1Balamurugan Panneerselvam2Anil Kumar Dikshit3 Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India Department of Coastal Disaster Management, School of Physical, Chemical and Applied Sciences, Pondicherry University, Port Blair Campus – 744112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India The present study found that ∼80 million people in India, ∼60 million people in Pakistan, ∼70 million people in Bangladesh, and ∼3 million people in Nepal are exposed to arsenic groundwater contamination above 10 μg/L, while Sri Lanka remains moderately affected. In the case of fluoride contamination, ∼120 million in India, >2 million in Pakistan, and ∼0.5 million in Sri Lanka are exposed to the risk of fluoride above 1.5 mg/L, while Bangladesh and Nepal are mildly affected. The hazard quotient (HQ) for arsenic varied from 0 to 822 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 1,051 in Bangladesh, 0 to 582 in Nepal, and 0 to 89 in Sri Lanka. The cancer risk of arsenic varied from 0 to 1.64 × 1−1 in India, 0 to 1.07 × 10−1 in Pakistan, 0 to 2.10 × 10−1 in Bangladesh, 0 to 1.16 × 10−1 in Nepal, and 0 to 1.78 × 10−2 in Sri Lanka. In the case of fluoride, the HQ ranged from 0 to 21 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 18 in Bangladesh, 0 to 10 in Nepal, and 0 to 10 in Sri Lanka. Arsenic and fluoride have adverse effects on animals, resulting in chemical poisoning and skeletal fluorosis. Adsorption and membrane filtration have demonstrated outstanding treatment outcomes. HIGHLIGHTS India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal are severely affected by As contamination.; India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka are severely affected by F− contamination.; Arsenic is found to cause DNA damage and promotes diabetes and obesity.; Genetic background of person is found to increase or decrease the fluorosis risk; There is a lack of adequate information on the hydro-geochemistry of pollutants.;http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/22/2/235arsenicfluoridegroundwater contaminationhealth risksouth asia |
| spellingShingle | Yash Aryan Thambidurai Pon Balamurugan Panneerselvam Anil Kumar Dikshit A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region Journal of Water and Health arsenic fluoride groundwater contamination health risk south asia |
| title | A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region |
| title_full | A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region |
| title_fullStr | A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region |
| title_short | A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region |
| title_sort | comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the south asia region |
| topic | arsenic fluoride groundwater contamination health risk south asia |
| url | http://jwh.iwaponline.com/content/22/2/235 |
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