The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects
Supersonically induced gas objects (SIGOs) are a class of early universe objects that have gained attention as a potential formation route for globular clusters. SIGOs have recently begun to be studied in the context of molecular hydrogen cooling, which is key to characterizing their structure and e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acac8d |
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| author | William Lake Smadar Naoz Blakesley Burkhart Federico Marinacci Mark Vogelsberger Gen Chiaki Yeou S. Chiou Naoki Yoshida Yurina Nakazato Claire E. Williams |
| author_facet | William Lake Smadar Naoz Blakesley Burkhart Federico Marinacci Mark Vogelsberger Gen Chiaki Yeou S. Chiou Naoki Yoshida Yurina Nakazato Claire E. Williams |
| author_sort | William Lake |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Supersonically induced gas objects (SIGOs) are a class of early universe objects that have gained attention as a potential formation route for globular clusters. SIGOs have recently begun to be studied in the context of molecular hydrogen cooling, which is key to characterizing their structure and evolution. Studying the population-level properties of SIGOs with molecular cooling is important for understanding their potential for collapse and star formation, and for addressing whether SIGOs can survive to the present epoch. Here, we investigate the evolution of SIGOs before they form stars, using a combination of numerical and analytical analysis. We study timescales important to the evolution of SIGOs at a population level in the presence of molecular cooling. Revising the previous formulation for the critical density of collapse for SIGOs allows us to show that their prolateness tends to act as an inhibiting factor to collapse. We find that simulated SIGOs are limited by artificial two-body relaxation effects that tend to disperse them. We expect that SIGOs in nature will be longer lived compared to our simulations. Further, the fall-back timescale on which SIGOs fall into nearby dark matter halos, potentially producing a globular-cluster-like system, is frequently longer than their cooling timescale and the collapse timescale on which they shrink through gravity. Therefore, some SIGOs have time to cool and collapse outside of halos despite initially failing to exceed the critical density. From this analysis we conclude that SIGOs should form stars outside of halos in nonnegligible stream velocity patches in the universe. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:38:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f185e8e4c71b45d39ae47b0c27a391fb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:38:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-f185e8e4c71b45d39ae47b0c27a391fb2023-09-03T13:07:58ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-01943213210.3847/1538-4357/acac8dThe Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas ObjectsWilliam Lake0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-7919Smadar Naoz1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9802-9279Blakesley Burkhart2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5817-5944Federico Marinacci3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3816-7028Mark Vogelsberger4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8593-7692Gen Chiaki5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6246-2866Yeou S. Chiou6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4962-5768Naoki Yoshida7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7925-238XYurina Nakazato8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-7713Claire E. Williams9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2369-2911Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; wlake@astro.ucla.edu; Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; wlake@astro.ucla.edu; Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 136 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy “Augusto Righi”, University of Bologna , via Gobetti 93/2, I-40129 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USAAstronomical Institute, Tohoku University , 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; wlake@astro.ucla.edu; Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAKavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UT Institute for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan; Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Physics, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; wlake@astro.ucla.edu; Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USASupersonically induced gas objects (SIGOs) are a class of early universe objects that have gained attention as a potential formation route for globular clusters. SIGOs have recently begun to be studied in the context of molecular hydrogen cooling, which is key to characterizing their structure and evolution. Studying the population-level properties of SIGOs with molecular cooling is important for understanding their potential for collapse and star formation, and for addressing whether SIGOs can survive to the present epoch. Here, we investigate the evolution of SIGOs before they form stars, using a combination of numerical and analytical analysis. We study timescales important to the evolution of SIGOs at a population level in the presence of molecular cooling. Revising the previous formulation for the critical density of collapse for SIGOs allows us to show that their prolateness tends to act as an inhibiting factor to collapse. We find that simulated SIGOs are limited by artificial two-body relaxation effects that tend to disperse them. We expect that SIGOs in nature will be longer lived compared to our simulations. Further, the fall-back timescale on which SIGOs fall into nearby dark matter halos, potentially producing a globular-cluster-like system, is frequently longer than their cooling timescale and the collapse timescale on which they shrink through gravity. Therefore, some SIGOs have time to cool and collapse outside of halos despite initially failing to exceed the critical density. From this analysis we conclude that SIGOs should form stars outside of halos in nonnegligible stream velocity patches in the universe.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acac8dGlobular star clustersStar formationGiant molecular cloudsHigh-redshift galaxiesGalactic and extragalactic astronomy |
| spellingShingle | William Lake Smadar Naoz Blakesley Burkhart Federico Marinacci Mark Vogelsberger Gen Chiaki Yeou S. Chiou Naoki Yoshida Yurina Nakazato Claire E. Williams The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects The Astrophysical Journal Globular star clusters Star formation Giant molecular clouds High-redshift galaxies Galactic and extragalactic astronomy |
| title | The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects |
| title_full | The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects |
| title_fullStr | The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects |
| title_short | The Supersonic Project: The Early Evolutionary Path of Supersonically Induced Gas Objects |
| title_sort | supersonic project the early evolutionary path of supersonically induced gas objects |
| topic | Globular star clusters Star formation Giant molecular clouds High-redshift galaxies Galactic and extragalactic astronomy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acac8d |
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