Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases thr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-08-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/8/2488 |
| _version_ | 1797560505012846592 |
|---|---|
| author | Emidio Scarpellini Sharmila Fagoonee Emanuele Rinninella Carlo Rasetti Isabella Aquila Tiziana Larussa Pietrantonio Ricci Francesco Luzza Ludovico Abenavoli |
| author_facet | Emidio Scarpellini Sharmila Fagoonee Emanuele Rinninella Carlo Rasetti Isabella Aquila Tiziana Larussa Pietrantonio Ricci Francesco Luzza Ludovico Abenavoli |
| author_sort | Emidio Scarpellini |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:01:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f199f3fe352b41cdbb2f26eab57ab118 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:01:43Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-f199f3fe352b41cdbb2f26eab57ab1182023-11-20T08:53:34ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-08-0198248810.3390/jcm9082488Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 PandemicEmidio Scarpellini0Sharmila Fagoonee1Emanuele Rinninella2Carlo Rasetti3Isabella Aquila4Tiziana Larussa5Pietrantonio Ricci6Francesco Luzza7Ludovico Abenavoli8Internal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, San Benedetto del, 63074 Tronto, ItalyInstitute for Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Molecular Biotechnology Center, 10121 Turin, ItalyNephrology and Urology Department, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Fondazione Policlinico A, Clinical Nutrition Unit, Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyInternal Medicine Unit, “Madonna del Soccorso” General Hospital, San Benedetto del, 63074 Tronto, ItalyInstitute of Legal Medicine and Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro (UMG), 88100 Viale Europa, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInstitute of Legal Medicine and Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro (UMG), 88100 Viale Europa, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia”, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyBackground and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/8/2488gut microbiotagut viromesteatosiscirrhosishepatocellular carcinoma |
| spellingShingle | Emidio Scarpellini Sharmila Fagoonee Emanuele Rinninella Carlo Rasetti Isabella Aquila Tiziana Larussa Pietrantonio Ricci Francesco Luzza Ludovico Abenavoli Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Journal of Clinical Medicine gut microbiota gut virome steatosis cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma |
| title | Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic |
| title_full | Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic |
| title_short | Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic |
| title_sort | gut microbiota and liver interaction through immune system cross talk a comprehensive review at the time of the sars cov 2 pandemic |
| topic | gut microbiota gut virome steatosis cirrhosis hepatocellular carcinoma |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/8/2488 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT emidioscarpellini gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT sharmilafagoonee gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT emanuelerinninella gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT carlorasetti gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT isabellaaquila gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT tizianalarussa gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT pietrantonioricci gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT francescoluzza gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic AT ludovicoabenavoli gutmicrobiotaandliverinteractionthroughimmunesystemcrosstalkacomprehensivereviewatthetimeofthesarscov2pandemic |