Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron
Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune sys...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1755 |
| _version_ | 1797533177771720704 |
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| author | Christina Starchl Mario Scherkl Karin Amrein |
| author_facet | Christina Starchl Mario Scherkl Karin Amrein |
| author_sort | Christina Starchl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Celiac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses, promoting autoimmune diseases, as well as shared cytokines in pathogenesis pathways, cross-reacting antibodies or malabsorption of micronutrients that are essential for the thyroid like iron or vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in patients with AITD, but might protect from autoimmunity by wielding immunoregulatory and tolerogenic impacts. Additionally, vitamin D is assumed to be involved in the onset and progression of CD, presumably plays a substantial protective role for intestinal mucosa and affects the thyroid via its immunomodulatory effects. Iron is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland needed for effective iodine utilization by the iron-dependent enzyme thyroid iodine peroxidase (TPO). Despite being crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in patients with hypothyroidism like HT and is frequently found in patients with CD. A literature research was conducted to examine the interplay between CD, AITD, vitamin D and iron deficiency. This narrative review highlights the relevant correlation of the two disease entities CD and AITD, their reciprocal impact and possible therapeutic options that should be further explored by future studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:11:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f1ed6d016e644f1c944df22f85635f48 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:11:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-f1ed6d016e644f1c944df22f85635f482023-11-21T20:47:57ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-05-01136175510.3390/nu13061755Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and IronChristina Starchl0Mario Scherkl1Karin Amrein2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, AustriaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, AustriaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, AustriaCeliac disease (CD) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) frequently coexist, entailing numerous potential impacts on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Possible correlations might exist through gut microbiota, regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses, promoting autoimmune diseases, as well as shared cytokines in pathogenesis pathways, cross-reacting antibodies or malabsorption of micronutrients that are essential for the thyroid like iron or vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in patients with AITD, but might protect from autoimmunity by wielding immunoregulatory and tolerogenic impacts. Additionally, vitamin D is assumed to be involved in the onset and progression of CD, presumably plays a substantial protective role for intestinal mucosa and affects the thyroid via its immunomodulatory effects. Iron is an essential micronutrient for the thyroid gland needed for effective iodine utilization by the iron-dependent enzyme thyroid iodine peroxidase (TPO). Despite being crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, iron deficiency (ID) is a common finding in patients with hypothyroidism like HT and is frequently found in patients with CD. A literature research was conducted to examine the interplay between CD, AITD, vitamin D and iron deficiency. This narrative review highlights the relevant correlation of the two disease entities CD and AITD, their reciprocal impact and possible therapeutic options that should be further explored by future studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1755thyroidceliac diseaseHashimoto’s thyroiditisGrave’s diseasevitamin Diron |
| spellingShingle | Christina Starchl Mario Scherkl Karin Amrein Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron Nutrients thyroid celiac disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Grave’s disease vitamin D iron |
| title | Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron |
| title_full | Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron |
| title_fullStr | Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron |
| title_full_unstemmed | Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron |
| title_short | Celiac Disease and the Thyroid: Highlighting the Roles of Vitamin D and Iron |
| title_sort | celiac disease and the thyroid highlighting the roles of vitamin d and iron |
| topic | thyroid celiac disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Grave’s disease vitamin D iron |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/6/1755 |
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