Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle
Wave energy, as a significant renewable and clean energy source with vast global reserves, exhibits no greenhouse gas or other pollution during real-sea operational conditions. However, throughout the entire lifecycle, wave energy convertors can produce additional CO<sub>2</sub> emission...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1626 |
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| author | Jian Li Xiangnan Wang Huamei Wang Yuanfei Zhang Cailin Zhang Hongrui Xu Bijun Wu |
| author_facet | Jian Li Xiangnan Wang Huamei Wang Yuanfei Zhang Cailin Zhang Hongrui Xu Bijun Wu |
| author_sort | Jian Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wave energy, as a significant renewable and clean energy source with vast global reserves, exhibits no greenhouse gas or other pollution during real-sea operational conditions. However, throughout the entire lifecycle, wave energy convertors can produce additional CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to the use of raw materials and emissions during transportation. Based on laboratory test data from a wave energy convertor model, this study ensures consistency between the model and the actual sea-deployed wave energy convertors in terms of performance, materials, and geometric shapes using similarity criteria. Carbon emission factors from China, the European Union, Brazil, and Japan are selected to predict the carbon emissions of wave energy convertors in real-sea conditions. The research indicates: (1) The predicted carbon emission coefficient for unit electricity generation (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>co</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of wave energy is 0.008–0.057 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh; when the traditional steel production mode is adopted, the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>co</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in this paper is 0.014–0.059 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh, similar to existing research conclusions for the emission factor of CO<sub>2</sub> for wave energy convertor (0.012–0.050 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh). The predicted data on carbon emissions in the lifecycle of wave energy convertors aligns closely with actual operational data. (2) The main source of carbon emissions in the life cycle of a wave energy converter, excluding the recycling of manufacturing metal materials, is the manufacturing stage, which accounts for 90% of the total carbon emissions. When the recycling of manufacturing metal materials is considered, the carbon emissions in the manufacturing stage are reduced, and the carbon emissions in the transport stage are increased, from about 7% to about 20%. (3) Under the most ideal conditions, the carbon payback period for a wave energy convertor ranges from 0.28 to 2.06 years, and the carbon reduction during the design lifespan (20 years) varies from 238.33 t CO<sub>2</sub> (minimum) to 261.80 t CO<sub>2</sub> (maximum). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:46:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f1fbbc071aba4637b39af66564639879 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T10:46:08Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-f1fbbc071aba4637b39af665646398792024-04-12T13:17:54ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-03-01177162610.3390/en17071626Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole LifecycleJian Li0Xiangnan Wang1Huamei Wang2Yuanfei Zhang3Cailin Zhang4Hongrui Xu5Bijun Wu6National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300110, ChinaInstitute of Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, ChinaWave energy, as a significant renewable and clean energy source with vast global reserves, exhibits no greenhouse gas or other pollution during real-sea operational conditions. However, throughout the entire lifecycle, wave energy convertors can produce additional CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to the use of raw materials and emissions during transportation. Based on laboratory test data from a wave energy convertor model, this study ensures consistency between the model and the actual sea-deployed wave energy convertors in terms of performance, materials, and geometric shapes using similarity criteria. Carbon emission factors from China, the European Union, Brazil, and Japan are selected to predict the carbon emissions of wave energy convertors in real-sea conditions. The research indicates: (1) The predicted carbon emission coefficient for unit electricity generation (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>co</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of wave energy is 0.008–0.057 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh; when the traditional steel production mode is adopted, the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>E</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>co</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> in this paper is 0.014–0.059 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh, similar to existing research conclusions for the emission factor of CO<sub>2</sub> for wave energy convertor (0.012–0.050 kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kWh). The predicted data on carbon emissions in the lifecycle of wave energy convertors aligns closely with actual operational data. (2) The main source of carbon emissions in the life cycle of a wave energy converter, excluding the recycling of manufacturing metal materials, is the manufacturing stage, which accounts for 90% of the total carbon emissions. When the recycling of manufacturing metal materials is considered, the carbon emissions in the manufacturing stage are reduced, and the carbon emissions in the transport stage are increased, from about 7% to about 20%. (3) Under the most ideal conditions, the carbon payback period for a wave energy convertor ranges from 0.28 to 2.06 years, and the carbon reduction during the design lifespan (20 years) varies from 238.33 t CO<sub>2</sub> (minimum) to 261.80 t CO<sub>2</sub> (maximum).https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1626lifecycle assessmentwave energy convertorcarbon accountinglaboratory testing |
| spellingShingle | Jian Li Xiangnan Wang Huamei Wang Yuanfei Zhang Cailin Zhang Hongrui Xu Bijun Wu Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle Energies lifecycle assessment wave energy convertor carbon accounting laboratory testing |
| title | Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle |
| title_full | Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle |
| title_fullStr | Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle |
| title_short | Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle |
| title_sort | research on the accounting and prediction of carbon emission from wave energy convertor based on the whole lifecycle |
| topic | lifecycle assessment wave energy convertor carbon accounting laboratory testing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1626 |
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