Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus
Bivalves are widespread in coastal environments subjected to a wide range of environmental fluctuations: however, the rapidly occurring changes due to several anthropogenic factors can represent a significant threat to bivalve immunity. The mussel Mytilus spp. has extremely powerful immune defenses...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00426/full |
| _version_ | 1819026544851419136 |
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| author | Manon Auguste Teresa Balbi Caterina Ciacci Barbara Canonico Stefano Papa Alessio Borello Luigi Vezzulli Laura Canesi |
| author_facet | Manon Auguste Teresa Balbi Caterina Ciacci Barbara Canonico Stefano Papa Alessio Borello Luigi Vezzulli Laura Canesi |
| author_sort | Manon Auguste |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bivalves are widespread in coastal environments subjected to a wide range of environmental fluctuations: however, the rapidly occurring changes due to several anthropogenic factors can represent a significant threat to bivalve immunity. The mussel Mytilus spp. has extremely powerful immune defenses toward different potential pathogens and contaminant stressors. In particular, the mussel immune system represents a significant target for different types of nanoparticles (NPs), including amino-modified nanopolystyrene (PS-NH2) as a model of nanoplastics. In this work, the effects of repeated exposure to PS-NH2 on immune responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis were investigated after a first exposure (10 μg/L; 24 h), followed by a resting period (72-h depuration) and a second exposure (10 μg/L; 24 h). Functional parameters were measured in hemocytes, serum, and whole hemolymph samples. In hemocytes, transcription of selected genes involved in proliferation/apoptosis and immune response was evaluated by qPCR. First exposure to PS-NH2 significantly affected hemocyte mitochondrial and lysosomal parameters, serum lysozyme activity, and transcription of proliferation/apoptosis markers; significant upregulation of extrapallial protein precursor (EPp) and downregulation of lysozyme and mytilin B were observed. The results of functional hemocyte parameters indicate the occurrence of stress conditions that did not however result in changes in the overall bactericidal activity. After the second exposure, a shift in hemocyte subpopulations, together with reestablishment of basal functional parameters and of proliferation/apoptotic markers, was observed. Moreover, hemolymph bactericidal activity, as well as transcription of five out of six immune-related genes, all codifying for secreted proteins, was significantly increased. The results indicate an overall shift in immune parameters that may act as compensatory mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis after a second encounter with PS-NH2. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T05:28:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f2194fb1f00e43e2aa9f8a6d6269d6bf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T05:28:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f2194fb1f00e43e2aa9f8a6d6269d6bf2022-12-21T19:14:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242020-04-011110.3389/fimmu.2020.00426503705Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve MytilusManon Auguste0Teresa Balbi1Caterina Ciacci2Barbara Canonico3Stefano Papa4Alessio Borello5Luigi Vezzulli6Laura Canesi7Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Biomolecular Sciences (DIBS), University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyDepartment of Biomolecular Sciences (DIBS), University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyDepartment of Biomolecular Sciences (DIBS), University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyDepartment of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, ItalyBivalves are widespread in coastal environments subjected to a wide range of environmental fluctuations: however, the rapidly occurring changes due to several anthropogenic factors can represent a significant threat to bivalve immunity. The mussel Mytilus spp. has extremely powerful immune defenses toward different potential pathogens and contaminant stressors. In particular, the mussel immune system represents a significant target for different types of nanoparticles (NPs), including amino-modified nanopolystyrene (PS-NH2) as a model of nanoplastics. In this work, the effects of repeated exposure to PS-NH2 on immune responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis were investigated after a first exposure (10 μg/L; 24 h), followed by a resting period (72-h depuration) and a second exposure (10 μg/L; 24 h). Functional parameters were measured in hemocytes, serum, and whole hemolymph samples. In hemocytes, transcription of selected genes involved in proliferation/apoptosis and immune response was evaluated by qPCR. First exposure to PS-NH2 significantly affected hemocyte mitochondrial and lysosomal parameters, serum lysozyme activity, and transcription of proliferation/apoptosis markers; significant upregulation of extrapallial protein precursor (EPp) and downregulation of lysozyme and mytilin B were observed. The results of functional hemocyte parameters indicate the occurrence of stress conditions that did not however result in changes in the overall bactericidal activity. After the second exposure, a shift in hemocyte subpopulations, together with reestablishment of basal functional parameters and of proliferation/apoptotic markers, was observed. Moreover, hemolymph bactericidal activity, as well as transcription of five out of six immune-related genes, all codifying for secreted proteins, was significantly increased. The results indicate an overall shift in immune parameters that may act as compensatory mechanisms to maintain immune homeostasis after a second encounter with PS-NH2.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00426/fullmusselinnate immunityamino modified polystyrenenanoplasticsimmune training |
| spellingShingle | Manon Auguste Teresa Balbi Caterina Ciacci Barbara Canonico Stefano Papa Alessio Borello Luigi Vezzulli Laura Canesi Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus Frontiers in Immunology mussel innate immunity amino modified polystyrene nanoplastics immune training |
| title | Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus |
| title_full | Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus |
| title_fullStr | Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus |
| title_short | Shift in Immune Parameters After Repeated Exposure to Nanoplastics in the Marine Bivalve Mytilus |
| title_sort | shift in immune parameters after repeated exposure to nanoplastics in the marine bivalve mytilus |
| topic | mussel innate immunity amino modified polystyrene nanoplastics immune training |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00426/full |
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