A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds
Carbon black-reinforced rubber compounds based on the blends of natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) for tire sidewall applications were formulated to investigate the self-healing efficacy of a modifier called EMZ. This modifier is based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) modified with hydr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Composites Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/5/3/70 |
| _version_ | 1797414285552386048 |
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| author | Bashir Algaily Wisut Kaewsakul Siti Salina Sarkawi Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee |
| author_facet | Bashir Algaily Wisut Kaewsakul Siti Salina Sarkawi Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee |
| author_sort | Bashir Algaily |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carbon black-reinforced rubber compounds based on the blends of natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) for tire sidewall applications were formulated to investigate the self-healing efficacy of a modifier called EMZ. This modifier is based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) modified with hydrolyzed maleic anhydride (HMA) as the ester crosslinking agent plus zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) as the transesterification catalyst. The influence of EMZ modifier content in sidewall compounds on processing characteristics, reinforcement, mechanical and fatigue properties, as well as property retentions, was investigated. Increasing the content of EMZ, the dump temperatures and Mooney viscosities of the compounds slightly increase, attributed to the presence of extra polymer networks and filler–rubber interactions. The bound rubber content and Payne effect show a good correction that essentially supports that the EMZ modifier gives enhanced filler–rubber interaction and reduced filler–filler interaction, reflecting the improved homogeneity of the composites. This is the key contribution to a better flex cracking resistance and a high fatigue-to-failure resistance when utilizing the EMZ modifier. To validate the property retentions, molecular damages were introduced to vulcanizates using a tensile stress–strain cyclic test following the Mullins effect concept. The property retentions are significantly enhanced with increasing EMZ content because the EMZ self-healing modifier provides reversible or dynamic ester linkages that potentially enable a bond-interchange mechanism of the crosslinks, leading to the intermolecular reparation of the rubber network. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:30:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f25a8929743c4df19708755678ef45bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-477X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:30:51Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Composites Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-f25a8929743c4df19708755678ef45bc2023-12-03T12:33:21ZengMDPI AGJournal of Composites Science2504-477X2021-03-01537010.3390/jcs5030070A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber CompoundsBashir Algaily0Wisut Kaewsakul1Siti Salina Sarkawi2Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee3Polymer Science and Technology, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, ThailandElastomer Technology and Engineering, Department of Mechanics of Solids, Surfaces and Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7522 NB Enschede, The NetherlandsMalaysian Rubber Board, RRIM Research Station, Sg. Buloh, Selangor 47000, MalaysiaPolymer Science and Technology, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai Campus, Songkhla 90110, ThailandCarbon black-reinforced rubber compounds based on the blends of natural rubber (NR) and butadiene rubber (BR) for tire sidewall applications were formulated to investigate the self-healing efficacy of a modifier called EMZ. This modifier is based on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) modified with hydrolyzed maleic anhydride (HMA) as the ester crosslinking agent plus zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD) as the transesterification catalyst. The influence of EMZ modifier content in sidewall compounds on processing characteristics, reinforcement, mechanical and fatigue properties, as well as property retentions, was investigated. Increasing the content of EMZ, the dump temperatures and Mooney viscosities of the compounds slightly increase, attributed to the presence of extra polymer networks and filler–rubber interactions. The bound rubber content and Payne effect show a good correction that essentially supports that the EMZ modifier gives enhanced filler–rubber interaction and reduced filler–filler interaction, reflecting the improved homogeneity of the composites. This is the key contribution to a better flex cracking resistance and a high fatigue-to-failure resistance when utilizing the EMZ modifier. To validate the property retentions, molecular damages were introduced to vulcanizates using a tensile stress–strain cyclic test following the Mullins effect concept. The property retentions are significantly enhanced with increasing EMZ content because the EMZ self-healing modifier provides reversible or dynamic ester linkages that potentially enable a bond-interchange mechanism of the crosslinks, leading to the intermolecular reparation of the rubber network.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/5/3/70self-reparationcrosslinkcompositesidewall compoundpolymer failure |
| spellingShingle | Bashir Algaily Wisut Kaewsakul Siti Salina Sarkawi Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds Journal of Composites Science self-reparation crosslink composite sidewall compound polymer failure |
| title | A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds |
| title_full | A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds |
| title_fullStr | A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds |
| title_short | A Self-Healing System Based on Ester Crosslinks for Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds |
| title_sort | self healing system based on ester crosslinks for carbon black filled rubber compounds |
| topic | self-reparation crosslink composite sidewall compound polymer failure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/5/3/70 |
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