The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats
Abstract Background Anabolic steroids (AS) are commonly abused by body builders and athletes aiming to increase their strength and muscle mass but unfortunately, the long-term use of AS may lead to serious side effects. Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the Class II anabolic androgenic steroids which q...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-03-01
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| Series: | BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-023-00658-x |
| _version_ | 1797863641105563648 |
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| author | Dalia Abd Elwahab Hassan Sherien S. Ghaleb Amr reda Zaki Ahmed Abdelmenem Shimaa Nabil Mostafa Abdallah Abdel Alim |
| author_facet | Dalia Abd Elwahab Hassan Sherien S. Ghaleb Amr reda Zaki Ahmed Abdelmenem Shimaa Nabil Mostafa Abdallah Abdel Alim |
| author_sort | Dalia Abd Elwahab Hassan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Anabolic steroids (AS) are commonly abused by body builders and athletes aiming to increase their strength and muscle mass but unfortunately, the long-term use of AS may lead to serious side effects. Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the Class II anabolic androgenic steroids which quickly spread globally and used clinically and illicitly. Our research was directed to assess the toxic effects of anabolic steroids on cardiac and skeletal muscles in male albino rats and to evaluate the potential ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin. Methods Our research was done on 120 male albino rats that were allocated into 6 groups; group I: Served as a control group, group II: Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate, group III: Received silymarin orally, group IV: Received fenugreek seeds extract orally, group (V): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and silymarin and group (VI): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and fenugreek seeds extract. By the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and autopsy samples for histopathological examination. Results The anabolic steroids toxic effects on rats showed a significant decrease in serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level and increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. There was a significant elevation in cardiac troponin I level. As regards to histopathological examination of the cardiac and skeletal muscles, the study showed marked degenerative changes and necrosis. Both silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract provided a protective effect on the biochemical and histopathological changes. The antioxidant effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract were evaluated on the heart, skeletal muscles and showed that, the tissue levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased in AS treated rats compared to the control group. On the other hand, the tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated. Conclusions Anabolic steroids have a toxic effect on the cardiac and skeletal muscles of albino rats with improvement by treatment with fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T22:38:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f278e5345fa24e70b1547af1a7d8f656 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-6511 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T22:38:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f278e5345fa24e70b1547af1a7d8f6562023-03-22T12:20:31ZengBMCBMC Pharmacology and Toxicology2050-65112023-03-0124111010.1186/s40360-023-00658-xThe toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino ratsDalia Abd Elwahab Hassan0Sherien S. Ghaleb1Amr reda Zaki2Ahmed Abdelmenem3Shimaa Nabil4Mostafa Abdallah Abdel Alim5Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo UniversityDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef UniversityAbstract Background Anabolic steroids (AS) are commonly abused by body builders and athletes aiming to increase their strength and muscle mass but unfortunately, the long-term use of AS may lead to serious side effects. Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the Class II anabolic androgenic steroids which quickly spread globally and used clinically and illicitly. Our research was directed to assess the toxic effects of anabolic steroids on cardiac and skeletal muscles in male albino rats and to evaluate the potential ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin. Methods Our research was done on 120 male albino rats that were allocated into 6 groups; group I: Served as a control group, group II: Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate, group III: Received silymarin orally, group IV: Received fenugreek seeds extract orally, group (V): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and silymarin and group (VI): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and fenugreek seeds extract. By the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and autopsy samples for histopathological examination. Results The anabolic steroids toxic effects on rats showed a significant decrease in serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level and increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. There was a significant elevation in cardiac troponin I level. As regards to histopathological examination of the cardiac and skeletal muscles, the study showed marked degenerative changes and necrosis. Both silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract provided a protective effect on the biochemical and histopathological changes. The antioxidant effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract were evaluated on the heart, skeletal muscles and showed that, the tissue levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased in AS treated rats compared to the control group. On the other hand, the tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated. Conclusions Anabolic steroids have a toxic effect on the cardiac and skeletal muscles of albino rats with improvement by treatment with fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-023-00658-xNandrolone DecanoateAnabolic steroidsToxicitySilymarinFenugreek seeds extract |
| spellingShingle | Dalia Abd Elwahab Hassan Sherien S. Ghaleb Amr reda Zaki Ahmed Abdelmenem Shimaa Nabil Mostafa Abdallah Abdel Alim The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology Nandrolone Decanoate Anabolic steroids Toxicity Silymarin Fenugreek seeds extract |
| title | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| title_full | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| title_fullStr | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| title_short | The toxic effects of anabolic steroids “nandrolone decanoate” on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| title_sort | toxic effects of anabolic steroids nandrolone decanoate on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats |
| topic | Nandrolone Decanoate Anabolic steroids Toxicity Silymarin Fenugreek seeds extract |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-023-00658-x |
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