Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)
Abstract Contrafreeloading—working to access food that could be freely obtained—is rarely exhibited and poorly understood. Based on data from Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), researchers proposed a correlation between contrafreeloading and play: that contrafreeloading is more likely when subjects...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21370-6 |
| _version_ | 1828140541206855680 |
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| author | Gabriella E. Smith Amalia P. M. Bastos Martin Chodorow Alex H. Taylor Irene M. Pepperberg |
| author_facet | Gabriella E. Smith Amalia P. M. Bastos Martin Chodorow Alex H. Taylor Irene M. Pepperberg |
| author_sort | Gabriella E. Smith |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Contrafreeloading—working to access food that could be freely obtained—is rarely exhibited and poorly understood. Based on data from Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), researchers proposed a correlation between contrafreeloading and play: that contrafreeloading is more likely when subjects view the task as play. We tested that hypothesis by subjecting a relatively more playful parrot species, the kea (Nestor notabilis), to the same experimental tasks. Experiment 1 presented eight kea with container pairs holding more- or less-preferred free or enclosed food items, and examined three types of contrafreeloading: calculated (working to access preferred food over less-preferred, freely available food); classic (working to access food identical to freely available food); and super (working to access less-preferred food over preferred, freely available food). At the group level, the kea behaved similarly to the Greys: They significantly preferred calculated contrafreeloading, performed classic contrafreeloading at chance, and significantly failed to super contrafreeload. However, overall kea engaged in more contrafreeloading than Greys. Experiment 2 examined a potentially more ecologically relevant task, a choice between shelled and unshelled walnuts. No kea contrafreeloaded for nuts, whereas two of five Greys significantly preferred nut contrafreeloading and one chose at chance. We examine proximate and adaptive explanations for the performances of these differentially playful parrot species to further elucidate the role of play in contrafreeloading. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:11:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f281e52ca08f4dbeb3b032342aab8dfd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T19:11:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-f281e52ca08f4dbeb3b032342aab8dfd2022-12-22T04:07:37ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222022-10-0112111110.1038/s41598-022-21370-6Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)Gabriella E. Smith0Amalia P. M. Bastos1Martin Chodorow2Alex H. Taylor3Irene M. Pepperberg4The Alex FoundationSchool of Psychology, The University of AucklandDepartment of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New YorkSchool of Psychology, The University of AucklandThe Alex FoundationAbstract Contrafreeloading—working to access food that could be freely obtained—is rarely exhibited and poorly understood. Based on data from Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), researchers proposed a correlation between contrafreeloading and play: that contrafreeloading is more likely when subjects view the task as play. We tested that hypothesis by subjecting a relatively more playful parrot species, the kea (Nestor notabilis), to the same experimental tasks. Experiment 1 presented eight kea with container pairs holding more- or less-preferred free or enclosed food items, and examined three types of contrafreeloading: calculated (working to access preferred food over less-preferred, freely available food); classic (working to access food identical to freely available food); and super (working to access less-preferred food over preferred, freely available food). At the group level, the kea behaved similarly to the Greys: They significantly preferred calculated contrafreeloading, performed classic contrafreeloading at chance, and significantly failed to super contrafreeload. However, overall kea engaged in more contrafreeloading than Greys. Experiment 2 examined a potentially more ecologically relevant task, a choice between shelled and unshelled walnuts. No kea contrafreeloaded for nuts, whereas two of five Greys significantly preferred nut contrafreeloading and one chose at chance. We examine proximate and adaptive explanations for the performances of these differentially playful parrot species to further elucidate the role of play in contrafreeloading.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21370-6 |
| spellingShingle | Gabriella E. Smith Amalia P. M. Bastos Martin Chodorow Alex H. Taylor Irene M. Pepperberg Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) Scientific Reports |
| title | Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
| title_full | Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
| title_fullStr | Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
| title_short | Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) |
| title_sort | contrafreeloading in kea nestor notabilis in comparison to grey parrots psittacus erithacus |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21370-6 |
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