Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin
Humic acid (<i>HA</i>), the most highly prevalent type of natural organic matter (NOM), plays an effective role in the generation of disinfectant byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid, which are well known to be definitive carcinogens. Therefore, the proactive eliminatio...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/16/2931 |
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| author | Ayat Hossein Panahi Tariq J. Al-Musawi Mahdieh Masihpour Seyedeh Fatemeh Tabatabaei Fard Negin Nasseh |
| author_facet | Ayat Hossein Panahi Tariq J. Al-Musawi Mahdieh Masihpour Seyedeh Fatemeh Tabatabaei Fard Negin Nasseh |
| author_sort | Ayat Hossein Panahi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Humic acid (<i>HA</i>), the most highly prevalent type of natural organic matter (NOM), plays an effective role in the generation of disinfectant byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid, which are well known to be definitive carcinogens. Therefore, the proactive elimination of <i>HA</i> from water and wastewater is a crucial means of preventing this pollutant from reacting with the chlorine incorporated during the disinfection process. This study investigated the UV light photocatalytic elimination of <i>HA</i>, employing a bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO (BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO) magnetic nanocomposite. The most significant variables pertinent to the photocatalytic degradation process examined in this work included the pH (3–11), nanocomposite dose (0.005–0.1 g/L), reaction time (5–180 min), and <i>HA</i> concentration (2–15 mg/L). The synthesized materials were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, all of which revealed outstanding catalytic properties for the BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO. The conditions under which greater efficiency was achieved included a pH of 3, a nanocomposite dose of 0.01 g/L, and an <i>HA</i> concentration of 10 mg/L. Under these conditions, in just 90 min of photocatalytic reaction, an <i>HA</i> degradation efficiency of 100% was achieved. From the modeling study of the kinetic data, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model showed good compliance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97) with the empirical data and predicted values. Thus, it can be concluded that the BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO catalyst acts very efficiently in the <i>HA</i> removal process under a variety of treatment conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:30:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f297c43e9028404c94fc8ba29480304e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:30:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-f297c43e9028404c94fc8ba29480304e2023-11-19T03:22:48ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-08-011516293110.3390/w15162931Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver PluginAyat Hossein Panahi0Tariq J. Al-Musawi1Mahdieh Masihpour2Seyedeh Fatemeh Tabatabaei Fard3Negin Nasseh4Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, IranBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah 51001, IraqMaster of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3514799442, IranEnvironmental Health Engineering, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, IranCellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, IranHumic acid (<i>HA</i>), the most highly prevalent type of natural organic matter (NOM), plays an effective role in the generation of disinfectant byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acid, which are well known to be definitive carcinogens. Therefore, the proactive elimination of <i>HA</i> from water and wastewater is a crucial means of preventing this pollutant from reacting with the chlorine incorporated during the disinfection process. This study investigated the UV light photocatalytic elimination of <i>HA</i>, employing a bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO (BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO) magnetic nanocomposite. The most significant variables pertinent to the photocatalytic degradation process examined in this work included the pH (3–11), nanocomposite dose (0.005–0.1 g/L), reaction time (5–180 min), and <i>HA</i> concentration (2–15 mg/L). The synthesized materials were characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques, all of which revealed outstanding catalytic properties for the BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO. The conditions under which greater efficiency was achieved included a pH of 3, a nanocomposite dose of 0.01 g/L, and an <i>HA</i> concentration of 10 mg/L. Under these conditions, in just 90 min of photocatalytic reaction, an <i>HA</i> degradation efficiency of 100% was achieved. From the modeling study of the kinetic data, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model showed good compliance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.97) with the empirical data and predicted values. Thus, it can be concluded that the BNTN@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO catalyst acts very efficiently in the <i>HA</i> removal process under a variety of treatment conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/16/2931bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnOmagnetic nanocompositehumic acidphotocatalytic processdegradation pathwaymodeling |
| spellingShingle | Ayat Hossein Panahi Tariq J. Al-Musawi Mahdieh Masihpour Seyedeh Fatemeh Tabatabaei Fard Negin Nasseh Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin Water bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO magnetic nanocomposite humic acid photocatalytic process degradation pathway modeling |
| title | Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin |
| title_full | Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin |
| title_fullStr | Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin |
| title_short | Photocatalytic Degradation of Humic Acid Using Bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO Magnetic Nanocomposite: An Investigation of the Characterization of the Photocatalyst, Degradation Pathway, and Modeling by Solver Plugin |
| title_sort | photocatalytic degradation of humic acid using bentonite fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub zno magnetic nanocomposite an investigation of the characterization of the photocatalyst degradation pathway and modeling by solver plugin |
| topic | bentonite@Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@ZnO magnetic nanocomposite humic acid photocatalytic process degradation pathway modeling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/16/2931 |
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