Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control wit...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4616 |
| _version_ | 1797480338348310528 |
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| author | Stefania De Lorenzo Francesco Tovoli Franco Trevisani |
| author_facet | Stefania De Lorenzo Francesco Tovoli Franco Trevisani |
| author_sort | Stefania De Lorenzo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. This review describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance and reports the ongoing therapeutic strategies to overcome these obstacles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:59:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f2d78139a4e84a6d9fab06eca35e293e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:59:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-f2d78139a4e84a6d9fab06eca35e293e2023-11-23T19:53:43ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942022-09-011419461610.3390/cancers14194616Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular CarcinomaStefania De Lorenzo0Francesco Tovoli1Franco Trevisani2Oncology Unit, Azienda USL Bologna, 40124 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, ItalyHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. This review describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance and reports the ongoing therapeutic strategies to overcome these obstacles.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4616liver cancerhepatocellular carcinomaimmunotherapyimmune checkpoint inhibitorsatezolizumabbevacizumab |
| spellingShingle | Stefania De Lorenzo Francesco Tovoli Franco Trevisani Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancers liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitors atezolizumab bevacizumab |
| title | Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| title_full | Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| title_short | Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
| title_sort | mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma |
| topic | liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy immune checkpoint inhibitors atezolizumab bevacizumab |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/19/4616 |
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