Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severit...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/127 |
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| author | Matloob Husain |
| author_facet | Matloob Husain |
| author_sort | Matloob Husain |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:18:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f2e1752c3fd24f948038b349fbbe283f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:18:56Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-f2e1752c3fd24f948038b349fbbe283f2024-02-23T15:30:17ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172024-01-0113212710.3390/pathogens13020127Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGsMatloob Husain0Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandInfluenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/127influenzainfluenza A virusrestrictionantiviralISGsnon-ISGs |
| spellingShingle | Matloob Husain Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs Pathogens influenza influenza A virus restriction antiviral ISGs non-ISGs |
| title | Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs |
| title_full | Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs |
| title_fullStr | Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs |
| title_short | Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs |
| title_sort | influenza virus host restriction factors the isgs and non isgs |
| topic | influenza influenza A virus restriction antiviral ISGs non-ISGs |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/2/127 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT matloobhusain influenzavirushostrestrictionfactorstheisgsandnonisgs |