In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model
Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adultera...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| author | Rafieh Fakhlaei Jinap Selamat Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Rashidah Sukor Syahida Ahmad Arman Amani Babadi Alfi Khatib |
| author_facet | Rafieh Fakhlaei Jinap Selamat Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Rashidah Sukor Syahida Ahmad Arman Amani Babadi Alfi Khatib |
| author_sort | Rafieh Fakhlaei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Honey is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1–3% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure <i>H. itama</i> honey represents the LC<sub>50</sub> of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD<sub>50</sub> from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure <i>H. itama</i> honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:20:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f312bfbf82204668b65381dabf4235012023-11-22T19:19:59ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-10-012620622210.3390/molecules26206222In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish ModelRafieh Fakhlaei0Jinap Selamat1Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis2Rashidah Sukor3Syahida Ahmad4Arman Amani Babadi5Alfi Khatib6Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFood Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaFood Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 55469-14177, IranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, MalaysiaHoney is prone to be adulterated through mixing with sugars, cheap and low-quality honey, and other adulterants. Consumption of adulterated honey may cause several health issues such as weight gain, diabetes, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Therefore, studying the impact of consumption of adulterated honey on consumers is critical since there is a lack of study in this field. Hence, the aims of this paper were: (1) to determine the lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) of adulterated honey using zebrafish embryo, (2) to elucidate toxicology of selected adulterated honey based on lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) using adult zebrafish, (3) to determine the effects of adulterated honey on histological changes of zebrafish, and (4) to screen the metabolites profile of adulterated honey by using zebrafish blood serum. The LC<sub>50</sub> of <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> honey (acacia honey) and its sugar adulterants (light corn sugar, cane sugar, inverted sugar, and palm sugar in the proportion of 1–3% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) from the total volume) was determined by the toxicological assessment of honey samples on zebrafish embryos (different exposure concentrations in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postfertilization (hpf)). Pure <i>H. itama</i> honey represents the LC<sub>50</sub> of 34.40 ± 1.84 (mg/mL) at 96 hpf, while the inverted sugar represents the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> (5.03 ± 0.92 mg/mL) among sugar adulterants. The highest concentration (3%) of sugar adulterants were used to study the toxicology of adulterated honey using adult zebrafish in terms of acute, prolong-acute, and sub-acute tests. The results of the LD<sub>50</sub> from the sub-acute toxicity test of pure <i>H. itama</i> honey was 2.33 ± 0.24 (mg/mL). The histological studies of internal organs showed a lesion in the liver, kidney, and spleen of adulterated treated-honey groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results revealed three endogenous metabolites in both the pure and adulterated honey treated groups, as follows: (1) S-Cysteinosuccinic acid, (2) 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, and (3) Cysteinyl-Tyrosine. The results of this study demonstrated that adulterated honey caused mortality, which contributes to higher toxicity, and also suggested that the zebrafish toxicity test could be a standard method for assessing the potential toxicity of other hazardous food additives. The information gained from this research will permit an evaluation of the potential risk associated with the consumption of adulterated compared to pure honey.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/20/6222<i>Heterotigona itama</i> honeyhoney qualityadulteration<i>Danio rerio</i>toxicity assessment |
| spellingShingle | Rafieh Fakhlaei Jinap Selamat Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis Rashidah Sukor Syahida Ahmad Arman Amani Babadi Alfi Khatib In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model Molecules <i>Heterotigona itama</i> honey honey quality adulteration <i>Danio rerio</i> toxicity assessment |
| title | In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model |
| title_full | In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model |
| title_fullStr | In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model |
| title_short | In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation of Sugar Adulterated <i>Heterotrigona itama</i> Honey Using Zebrafish Model |
| title_sort | in vivo toxicity evaluation of sugar adulterated i heterotrigona itama i honey using zebrafish model |
| topic | <i>Heterotigona itama</i> honey honey quality adulteration <i>Danio rerio</i> toxicity assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/20/6222 |
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