Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
One of the most important breakthroughs in healthcare is the development of vaccines. The life cycle and its gene expression in the numerous virus-associated disorders must be considered when choosing the target vaccine antigen for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The vaccine candidate used in the current...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2448 |
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| author | Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Hawra Albayat Mutaib M. Mashraqi Ahmad A. Alshehri Mohammed Garout Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nik Yusnoraini Yusof Chan Yean Yean |
| author_facet | Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Hawra Albayat Mutaib M. Mashraqi Ahmad A. Alshehri Mohammed Garout Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nik Yusnoraini Yusof Chan Yean Yean |
| author_sort | Naveed Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the most important breakthroughs in healthcare is the development of vaccines. The life cycle and its gene expression in the numerous virus-associated disorders must be considered when choosing the target vaccine antigen for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The vaccine candidate used in the current study will also be effective against all other herpesvirus strains, based on the conservancy study, which verified that the protein is present in all herpesviruses. From the screening, two B-cell epitopes, four MHC-I, and five MHC-II restricted epitopes were chosen for further study. The refined epitopes indicated 70.59% coverage of the population in Malaysia and 93.98% worldwide. After removing the one toxin (PADRE) from the original vaccine design, it was projected that the new vaccine would not be similar to the human host and would instead be antigenic, immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. The vaccine construct was stable, thermostable, soluble, and hydrophilic. The immunological simulation projected that the vaccine candidate would be subject to a long-lasting active adaptive response and a short-lived active innate response. With IgM concentrations of up to 450 cells per mm<sup>3</sup> and active B-cell concentrations of up to 400 cells per mm<sup>3</sup>, the B-cells remain active for a considerable time. The construct also discovered other conformational epitopes, improving its ability to stimulate an immune response. This suggests that, upon injection, the epitope will target the B-cell surface receptors and elicit a potent immune response. Furthermore, the discotope analysis confirmed that our conformational B-cell epitope was not displaced during the design. Lastly, the docking complex was stable and exhibited little deformability under heat pressure. These computational results are very encouraging for future testing of our proposed vaccine, which may potentially help in the management and prevention of EBV infections worldwide. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:02:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f34c533b0d0e4871a55b18985f59b412 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:02:08Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-f34c533b0d0e4871a55b18985f59b4122023-11-19T17:26:53ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-09-011110244810.3390/microorganisms11102448Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune ResponsesNaveed Ahmed0Ali A. Rabaan1Ameen S. S. Alwashmi2Hawra Albayat3Mutaib M. Mashraqi4Ahmad A. Alshehri5Mohammed Garout6Wesam A. Abduljabbar7Nik Yusnoraini Yusof8Chan Yean Yean9Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaMolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi ArabiaInstitute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, MalaysiaOne of the most important breakthroughs in healthcare is the development of vaccines. The life cycle and its gene expression in the numerous virus-associated disorders must be considered when choosing the target vaccine antigen for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The vaccine candidate used in the current study will also be effective against all other herpesvirus strains, based on the conservancy study, which verified that the protein is present in all herpesviruses. From the screening, two B-cell epitopes, four MHC-I, and five MHC-II restricted epitopes were chosen for further study. The refined epitopes indicated 70.59% coverage of the population in Malaysia and 93.98% worldwide. After removing the one toxin (PADRE) from the original vaccine design, it was projected that the new vaccine would not be similar to the human host and would instead be antigenic, immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. The vaccine construct was stable, thermostable, soluble, and hydrophilic. The immunological simulation projected that the vaccine candidate would be subject to a long-lasting active adaptive response and a short-lived active innate response. With IgM concentrations of up to 450 cells per mm<sup>3</sup> and active B-cell concentrations of up to 400 cells per mm<sup>3</sup>, the B-cells remain active for a considerable time. The construct also discovered other conformational epitopes, improving its ability to stimulate an immune response. This suggests that, upon injection, the epitope will target the B-cell surface receptors and elicit a potent immune response. Furthermore, the discotope analysis confirmed that our conformational B-cell epitope was not displaced during the design. Lastly, the docking complex was stable and exhibited little deformability under heat pressure. These computational results are very encouraging for future testing of our proposed vaccine, which may potentially help in the management and prevention of EBV infections worldwide.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2448computational toolsvaccine designsin silicoimmunoinformaticsdry lab |
| spellingShingle | Naveed Ahmed Ali A. Rabaan Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Hawra Albayat Mutaib M. Mashraqi Ahmad A. Alshehri Mohammed Garout Wesam A. Abduljabbar Nik Yusnoraini Yusof Chan Yean Yean Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Microorganisms computational tools vaccine designs in silico immunoinformatics dry lab |
| title | Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_full | Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_fullStr | Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_short | Immunoinformatic Execution and Design of an Anti-Epstein–Barr Virus Vaccine with Multiple Epitopes Triggering Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses |
| title_sort | immunoinformatic execution and design of an anti epstein barr virus vaccine with multiple epitopes triggering innate and adaptive immune responses |
| topic | computational tools vaccine designs in silico immunoinformatics dry lab |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/10/2448 |
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