Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland
COVID-19 has been considered a possible cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or similar conditions. However, what specific disease symptoms may contribute most to prolonged PTSD-like symptoms in COVID-19 survivors is unclear. The study aimed to present the factor structure of COVID-19 symp...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358979/full |
| _version_ | 1797263095659233280 |
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| author | Sapir Elkayam Emilia Łojek Marcin Sękowski Dominika Żarnecka Anna Egbert Julia Wyszomirska Karolina Hansen Ewa Malinowska Lucette Cysique Bernice Marcopulos Bernice Marcopulos Natalia Gawron Marta Sobańska Małgorzata Gambin Paweł Holas Agnieszka Pluta Sylwia Hyniewska |
| author_facet | Sapir Elkayam Emilia Łojek Marcin Sękowski Dominika Żarnecka Anna Egbert Julia Wyszomirska Karolina Hansen Ewa Malinowska Lucette Cysique Bernice Marcopulos Bernice Marcopulos Natalia Gawron Marta Sobańska Małgorzata Gambin Paweł Holas Agnieszka Pluta Sylwia Hyniewska |
| author_sort | Sapir Elkayam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 has been considered a possible cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or similar conditions. However, what specific disease symptoms may contribute most to prolonged PTSD-like symptoms in COVID-19 survivors is unclear. The study aimed to present the factor structure of COVID-19 symptoms and identify which symptoms of COVID-19 best explain the subsequent presence of PTSD-like symptoms in mild COVID-19 survivors. COVID-positive adults (n = 341) completed online self-report scales at the baseline assessment (T1) and after approximately 4 months (T2), including The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale; The Scale of Psychosocial Experience Related to COVID-19, The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5; and self-designed questionnaires evaluating the severity of COVID-related medical and neurocognitive symptoms and pre-pandemic variables. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors of COVID-19 symptoms: flu-like, respiratory, cold, neurological, and neurocognitive. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that besides selected control variables (anxiety and depression, presence of PTSD-like symptoms, COVID-related stigma in T1), neurocognitive symptoms of COVID-19 in T1 but not other symptoms of the disease were a significant predictor of the presence of PTSD-like symptom in T2. Findings suggest a need for a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment of people diagnosed with COVID-19 and prompt interventions targeting the prevention of potential risks for long-term PTSD-like states at the community level. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:07:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f359dcdfd8634e049410171c44d9cec4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:07:34Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f359dcdfd8634e049410171c44d9cec42024-03-14T05:07:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782024-03-011510.3389/fpsyg.2024.13589791358979Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in PolandSapir Elkayam0Emilia Łojek1Marcin Sękowski2Dominika Żarnecka3Anna Egbert4Julia Wyszomirska5Karolina Hansen6Ewa Malinowska7Lucette Cysique8Bernice Marcopulos9Bernice Marcopulos10Natalia Gawron11Marta Sobańska12Małgorzata Gambin13Paweł Holas14Agnieszka Pluta15Sylwia Hyniewska16Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandPsychology Department, St. Joseph's University New York, Brooklyn, NY, United StatesDepartment of Psychology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaDepartment of Graduate Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United StatesSchool of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United StatesDepartment of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandCOVID-19 has been considered a possible cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or similar conditions. However, what specific disease symptoms may contribute most to prolonged PTSD-like symptoms in COVID-19 survivors is unclear. The study aimed to present the factor structure of COVID-19 symptoms and identify which symptoms of COVID-19 best explain the subsequent presence of PTSD-like symptoms in mild COVID-19 survivors. COVID-positive adults (n = 341) completed online self-report scales at the baseline assessment (T1) and after approximately 4 months (T2), including The Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety-Depression Scale; The Scale of Psychosocial Experience Related to COVID-19, The Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5; and self-designed questionnaires evaluating the severity of COVID-related medical and neurocognitive symptoms and pre-pandemic variables. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors of COVID-19 symptoms: flu-like, respiratory, cold, neurological, and neurocognitive. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that besides selected control variables (anxiety and depression, presence of PTSD-like symptoms, COVID-related stigma in T1), neurocognitive symptoms of COVID-19 in T1 but not other symptoms of the disease were a significant predictor of the presence of PTSD-like symptom in T2. Findings suggest a need for a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment of people diagnosed with COVID-19 and prompt interventions targeting the prevention of potential risks for long-term PTSD-like states at the community level.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358979/fullCOVID-19posttraumatic stressneurocognitive symptomsemotional functioningstigmasocial support |
| spellingShingle | Sapir Elkayam Emilia Łojek Marcin Sękowski Dominika Żarnecka Anna Egbert Julia Wyszomirska Karolina Hansen Ewa Malinowska Lucette Cysique Bernice Marcopulos Bernice Marcopulos Natalia Gawron Marta Sobańska Małgorzata Gambin Paweł Holas Agnieszka Pluta Sylwia Hyniewska Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland Frontiers in Psychology COVID-19 posttraumatic stress neurocognitive symptoms emotional functioning stigma social support |
| title | Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland |
| title_full | Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland |
| title_fullStr | Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland |
| title_short | Factors associated with prolonged COVID-related PTSD-like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild COVID-19 in Poland |
| title_sort | factors associated with prolonged covid related ptsd like symptoms among adults diagnosed with mild covid 19 in poland |
| topic | COVID-19 posttraumatic stress neurocognitive symptoms emotional functioning stigma social support |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358979/full |
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