Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa
ABSTRACT Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites’ morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to deve...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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American Society for Microbiology
2023-02-01
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| Series: | mBio |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.02642-22 |
| _version_ | 1811163395446013952 |
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| author | Zhiteng Zhao Xin Li Nan Zhang Jianhua Li Na Zhao Mengyao Gao Xichen Zhang Xiaocen Wang Panpan Zhao Lu Li Min Sun Lili Cao Pengtao Gong |
| author_facet | Zhiteng Zhao Xin Li Nan Zhang Jianhua Li Na Zhao Mengyao Gao Xichen Zhang Xiaocen Wang Panpan Zhao Lu Li Min Sun Lili Cao Pengtao Gong |
| author_sort | Zhiteng Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites’ morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for parasitic protozoan diseases (PPDs). Currently, there is greater awareness regarding PPVs; however, knowledge of viruses and their associations with host diseases remains limited. Parasite-host interactions become more complex owing to PPVs; however, few studies have investigated underlying viral regulatory mechanisms in parasites. In this study, we reviewed relevant studies to identify studies that investigated PPV development and life cycles, the triangular association between viruses, parasites, and hosts, and the effects of viruses on protozoan pathogenicity. This study highlights that viruses can alter parasite biology, and viral infection of parasites may exacerbate the adverse effects of virus-containing parasites on hosts or reduce parasite virulence. PPVs should be considered in the prevention of parasitic epidemics and outbreaks, although their effects on the host and the complexity of the triangular association between PPVs, protozoans, and hosts remain unclear. IMPORTANCE PPVs-based regulation of parasitic protozoa can provide a theoretical basis and direction for PPD prevention and control, although PPVs and PPV regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we investigated the differences between PPVs and the unique properties of each virus regarding virus discovery, structures, and life cycles, focused on the Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Giardia lamblia virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and the Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. The triangular association between PPVs, parasitic protozoa, and hosts reveals the “double-edged sword” property of PPVs, which maintains a balance between parasitic protozoa and hosts in both positive and negative respects. These studies discuss the complexity of parasitic protozoa and their co-existence with hosts and suggest novel pathways for using PPVs as tools to gain a deeper understanding of protozoal infection and treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:44:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f371aa5cd67244f080f242a4ae19ff58 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2150-7511 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:44:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
| record_format | Article |
| series | mBio |
| spelling | doaj.art-f371aa5cd67244f080f242a4ae19ff582023-02-28T14:06:25ZengAmerican Society for MicrobiologymBio2150-75112023-02-0114110.1128/mbio.02642-22Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for ProtozoaZhiteng Zhao0Xin Li1Nan Zhang2Jianhua Li3Na Zhao4Mengyao Gao5Xichen Zhang6Xiaocen Wang7Panpan Zhao8Lu Li9Min Sun10Lili Cao11Pengtao Gong12State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaFaculty of Life Science, Thangshan Normal University, Thangshan, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaJilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaABSTRACT Parasite infections affect human and animal health significantly and contribute to a major burden on the global economy. Parasitic protozoan viruses (PPVs) affect the protozoan parasites’ morphology, phenotypes, pathogenicity, and growth rates. This discovery provides an opportunity to develop a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for parasitic protozoan diseases (PPDs). Currently, there is greater awareness regarding PPVs; however, knowledge of viruses and their associations with host diseases remains limited. Parasite-host interactions become more complex owing to PPVs; however, few studies have investigated underlying viral regulatory mechanisms in parasites. In this study, we reviewed relevant studies to identify studies that investigated PPV development and life cycles, the triangular association between viruses, parasites, and hosts, and the effects of viruses on protozoan pathogenicity. This study highlights that viruses can alter parasite biology, and viral infection of parasites may exacerbate the adverse effects of virus-containing parasites on hosts or reduce parasite virulence. PPVs should be considered in the prevention of parasitic epidemics and outbreaks, although their effects on the host and the complexity of the triangular association between PPVs, protozoans, and hosts remain unclear. IMPORTANCE PPVs-based regulation of parasitic protozoa can provide a theoretical basis and direction for PPD prevention and control, although PPVs and PPV regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we investigated the differences between PPVs and the unique properties of each virus regarding virus discovery, structures, and life cycles, focused on the Trichomonas vaginalis virus, Giardia lamblia virus, Leishmania RNA virus, and the Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. The triangular association between PPVs, parasitic protozoa, and hosts reveals the “double-edged sword” property of PPVs, which maintains a balance between parasitic protozoa and hosts in both positive and negative respects. These studies discuss the complexity of parasitic protozoa and their co-existence with hosts and suggest novel pathways for using PPVs as tools to gain a deeper understanding of protozoal infection and treatment.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.02642-22parasitic protozoan virusesPPVsmorphologypathogenicityviral infectionvirus-parasite relationship |
| spellingShingle | Zhiteng Zhao Xin Li Nan Zhang Jianhua Li Na Zhao Mengyao Gao Xichen Zhang Xiaocen Wang Panpan Zhao Lu Li Min Sun Lili Cao Pengtao Gong Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa mBio parasitic protozoan viruses PPVs morphology pathogenicity viral infection virus-parasite relationship |
| title | Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa |
| title_full | Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa |
| title_fullStr | Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa |
| title_short | Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa |
| title_sort | multiple regulations of parasitic protozoan viruses a double edged sword for protozoa |
| topic | parasitic protozoan viruses PPVs morphology pathogenicity viral infection virus-parasite relationship |
| url | https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.02642-22 |
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