Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are copper-dependent monoamine oxidases, and they play critical roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins also have a variety of biological functions, such as development and growth regulation, tumor suppression, and cellular senescenc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/9/2072 |
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| author | Peng-Yuan Lu Guo-Juan Niu Pan-Pan Hong Jin-Xing Wang |
| author_facet | Peng-Yuan Lu Guo-Juan Niu Pan-Pan Hong Jin-Xing Wang |
| author_sort | Peng-Yuan Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are copper-dependent monoamine oxidases, and they play critical roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins also have a variety of biological functions, such as development and growth regulation, tumor suppression, and cellular senescence. However, the functions of LOXLs containing repeated scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains in immunity are rarely reported. In this study, we characterized the antiviral and antibacterial functions of a lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) protein containing tandem SRCR domains in <i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i>. The mRNA level of <i>LoxL</i> was significantly upregulated in the hemocytes and intestines of shrimp challenged using white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or bacteria. After the knockdown of <i>LoxL</i> via RNA interference, WSSV replication and bacterial loads were apparently increased, and the survival rate of the shrimp decreased significantly, suggesting that LOXL functions against pathogen infection in shrimp. Mechanistically, LOXL interacted with the envelope proteins of WSSV or with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan from bacteria in shrimp challenged using WSSV or bacteria, and it promoted the expression of a battery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) via the induction of Dorsal nuclear translocation against viral and bacterial infection. Moreover, LOXL expression was also positively regulated by Dorsal in the shrimp challenged by pathogens. These results indicate that, by acting as a pattern recognition receptor, LOXL plays vital roles in antiviral and antibacterial innate immunity by enhancing the expression of AMPs in shrimp. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f38a85f32b5843a19413b2a03f4d8961 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:12:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-f38a85f32b5843a19413b2a03f4d89612023-11-23T19:29:07ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-09-01149207210.3390/v14092072Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial PeptidesPeng-Yuan Lu0Guo-Juan Niu1Pan-Pan Hong2Jin-Xing Wang3Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, ChinaShandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, ChinaLysyl oxidases (LOXs) are copper-dependent monoamine oxidases, and they play critical roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) proteins also have a variety of biological functions, such as development and growth regulation, tumor suppression, and cellular senescence. However, the functions of LOXLs containing repeated scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains in immunity are rarely reported. In this study, we characterized the antiviral and antibacterial functions of a lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) protein containing tandem SRCR domains in <i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i>. The mRNA level of <i>LoxL</i> was significantly upregulated in the hemocytes and intestines of shrimp challenged using white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or bacteria. After the knockdown of <i>LoxL</i> via RNA interference, WSSV replication and bacterial loads were apparently increased, and the survival rate of the shrimp decreased significantly, suggesting that LOXL functions against pathogen infection in shrimp. Mechanistically, LOXL interacted with the envelope proteins of WSSV or with lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan from bacteria in shrimp challenged using WSSV or bacteria, and it promoted the expression of a battery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) via the induction of Dorsal nuclear translocation against viral and bacterial infection. Moreover, LOXL expression was also positively regulated by Dorsal in the shrimp challenged by pathogens. These results indicate that, by acting as a pattern recognition receptor, LOXL plays vital roles in antiviral and antibacterial innate immunity by enhancing the expression of AMPs in shrimp.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/9/2072<i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i>white spot syndrome virus<i>Vibro anguillarum</i>lysyl oxidase-likeDorsalpattern recognition receptor |
| spellingShingle | Peng-Yuan Lu Guo-Juan Niu Pan-Pan Hong Jin-Xing Wang Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides Viruses <i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i> white spot syndrome virus <i>Vibro anguillarum</i> lysyl oxidase-like Dorsal pattern recognition receptor |
| title | Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides |
| title_full | Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides |
| title_fullStr | Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides |
| title_short | Lysyl Oxidase-like Protein Recognizes Viral Envelope Proteins and Bacterial Polysaccharides against Pathogen Infection via Induction of Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides |
| title_sort | lysyl oxidase like protein recognizes viral envelope proteins and bacterial polysaccharides against pathogen infection via induction of expression of antimicrobial peptides |
| topic | <i>Marsupenaeus japonicus</i> white spot syndrome virus <i>Vibro anguillarum</i> lysyl oxidase-like Dorsal pattern recognition receptor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/9/2072 |
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