The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
Abstract Background Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouaké, after the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current res...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2018-03-01
|
| Series: | Parasites & Vectors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2702-2 |
| _version_ | 1818478913069776896 |
|---|---|
| author | Dounin Danielle Zoh Ludovic Phamien Ahoua Alou Mahama Toure Cédric Pennetier Soromane Camara Dipomin François Traore Alphonsine Amanan Koffi Akré Maurice Adja Ahoua Yapi Fabrice Chandre |
| author_facet | Dounin Danielle Zoh Ludovic Phamien Ahoua Alou Mahama Toure Cédric Pennetier Soromane Camara Dipomin François Traore Alphonsine Amanan Koffi Akré Maurice Adja Ahoua Yapi Fabrice Chandre |
| author_sort | Dounin Danielle Zoh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouaké, after the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An. gambiae ( s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of Bouaké. Methods Larvae of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. The resistance status was assessed using the WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. Molecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of An. gambiae (s.l.), the L1014F kdr and the ace-1R alleles in individual mosquitoes. The synergist PBO was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase (MFO) levels, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Results High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Bouaké. Mortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. The pre-exposure to PBO restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. The same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. With DDT, pre-exposure to PBO did not increase the mortality rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed. An increased activity of NSE and higher level of MFO were found compared to the Kisumu susceptible reference strain. Two molecular forms, S form [(An. gambiae (s.s)] and M form (An. coluzzi) were identified. The kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for An. coluzzii. The ace-1R frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for An. coluzzii. Conclusion Resistance to insecticides is widespread within both An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii. Two mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in Bouaké. Pyrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T09:54:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f38bc3c7b61f45439a2b82c1abbaf381 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1756-3305 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T09:54:08Z |
| publishDate | 2018-03-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Parasites & Vectors |
| spelling | doaj.art-f38bc3c7b61f45439a2b82c1abbaf3812022-12-22T01:53:34ZengBMCParasites & Vectors1756-33052018-03-0111111210.1186/s13071-018-2702-2The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’IvoireDounin Danielle Zoh0Ludovic Phamien Ahoua Alou1Mahama Toure2Cédric Pennetier3Soromane Camara4Dipomin François Traore5Alphonsine Amanan Koffi6Akré Maurice Adja7Ahoua Yapi8Fabrice Chandre9Institut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetCentre d’Entomologie Médicale et VétérinaireInstitut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetInstitut Pierre RichetMIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement – CNRS - University MontpellierAbstract Background Several studies were carried out in experimental hut station in areas surrounding the city of Bouaké, after the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire. They reported increasing resistance levels to insecticide for malaria transmiting mosquitoes. The present work aims to evaluate the current resistance level of An. gambiae ( s.l.) in rural and urban areas in the city of Bouaké. Methods Larvae of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) were collected from five different study sites and reared to adult stages. The resistance status was assessed using the WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with eight insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates classes. Molecular assays were performed to identify the molecular forms of An. gambiae (s.l.), the L1014F kdr and the ace-1R alleles in individual mosquitoes. The synergist PBO was used to investigate the role of enzymes in resistance. Biochemical assays were performed to detect potential increased activities in mixed function oxidase (MFO) levels, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST). Results High resistance levels to pyrethroids, organochlorines, and carbamates were observed in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Bouaké. Mortalities ranged between 0 and 73% for the eight tested insecticides. The pre-exposure to PBO restored full or partial susceptibility to pyrethroids in the different sites. The same trend was observed with the carbamates in five sites, but to a lesser extent. With DDT, pre-exposure to PBO did not increase the mortality rate of An. gambiae (s.l.) from the same sites. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed. An increased activity of NSE and higher level of MFO were found compared to the Kisumu susceptible reference strain. Two molecular forms, S form [(An. gambiae (s.s)] and M form (An. coluzzi) were identified. The kdr allele frequencies vary from 85.9 to 99.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 81.7 to 99.6% for An. coluzzii. The ace-1R frequencies vary between 25.6 and 38.8% for An. gambiae (s.s.) and from 28.6 to 36.7% for An. coluzzii. Conclusion Resistance to insecticides is widespread within both An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii. Two mechanisms of resistance, i.e. metabolic and target-site mutation seemed to largely explain the high resistance level of mosquitoes in Bouaké. Pyrethroid resistance was found exclusively due to the metabolic mechanism.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2702-2MalariaInsecticide resistanceMetabolic resistanceKdrAce-1An. gambiae (s.s.) |
| spellingShingle | Dounin Danielle Zoh Ludovic Phamien Ahoua Alou Mahama Toure Cédric Pennetier Soromane Camara Dipomin François Traore Alphonsine Amanan Koffi Akré Maurice Adja Ahoua Yapi Fabrice Chandre The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire Parasites & Vectors Malaria Insecticide resistance Metabolic resistance Kdr Ace-1 An. gambiae (s.s.) |
| title | The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire |
| title_full | The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire |
| title_fullStr | The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire |
| title_full_unstemmed | The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire |
| title_short | The current insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) (Culicidae) in rural and urban areas of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire |
| title_sort | current insecticide resistance status of anopheles gambiae s l culicidae in rural and urban areas of bouake cote d ivoire |
| topic | Malaria Insecticide resistance Metabolic resistance Kdr Ace-1 An. gambiae (s.s.) |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13071-018-2702-2 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dounindaniellezoh thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT ludovicphamienahouaalou thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT mahamatoure thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT cedricpennetier thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT soromanecamara thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT dipominfrancoistraore thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT alphonsineamanankoffi thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT akremauriceadja thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT ahouayapi thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT fabricechandre thecurrentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT dounindaniellezoh currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT ludovicphamienahouaalou currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT mahamatoure currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT cedricpennetier currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT soromanecamara currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT dipominfrancoistraore currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT alphonsineamanankoffi currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT akremauriceadja currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT ahouayapi currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire AT fabricechandre currentinsecticideresistancestatusofanophelesgambiaeslculicidaeinruralandurbanareasofbouakecotedivoire |