Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults
Red ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG) were prepared from fresh ginseng using one and nine cycles of steaming and drying, respectively. This process reduces the molecular weight (MW) of ginsenoside-active compounds in ginseng by removing sugar moieties from their dammaranes. We compared t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/4/487 |
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| author | Saebyul Yoo Bom-I Park Do-hyun Kim Sooyoung Lee Seung-hoon Lee Wang-Seob Shim Yong Ki Seo Kimoon Kang Kyung-Tae Lee Sung-Vin Yim Do Yu Soung Bo-Hyung Kim |
| author_facet | Saebyul Yoo Bom-I Park Do-hyun Kim Sooyoung Lee Seung-hoon Lee Wang-Seob Shim Yong Ki Seo Kimoon Kang Kyung-Tae Lee Sung-Vin Yim Do Yu Soung Bo-Hyung Kim |
| author_sort | Saebyul Yoo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Red ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG) were prepared from fresh ginseng using one and nine cycles of steaming and drying, respectively. This process reduces the molecular weight (MW) of ginsenoside-active compounds in ginseng by removing sugar moieties from their dammaranes. We compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenosides between BG comprising mainly low-MW ginsenosides (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh1) and RG that predominantly contains high-MW ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1). The safety profiles and tolerability were also studied using a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover clinical trial. A combination of Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, well-known representative and functional RG components, exhibited a 1 h faster absorption rate (T<sub>max</sub>) and 58% higher exposure (24 h area under the concentration–time curve, AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. Furthermore, the combination of Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, the major and most efficient components in BG, displayed 824% higher absorption (AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. The total ginsenoside showed a 5 h rapid intestinal absorption (T<sub>max</sub>) and 79% greater systemic exposure (AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. No clinically significant findings were observed in terms of safety or tolerability. Thus, BG extract was more effective than RG extract. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f39950691fe04c31b45b70a505dadbaf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:08Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-f39950691fe04c31b45b70a505dadbaf2023-11-21T14:01:04ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-04-0113448710.3390/pharmaceutics13040487Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy AdultsSaebyul Yoo0Bom-I Park1Do-hyun Kim2Sooyoung Lee3Seung-hoon Lee4Wang-Seob Shim5Yong Ki Seo6Kimoon Kang7Kyung-Tae Lee8Sung-Vin Yim9Do Yu Soung10Bo-Hyung Kim11Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaFood Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaDepartment of Statistics, lnha University, Incheon 22212, KoreaKyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaFood Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, KoreaFood Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, KoreaFood Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaRed ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG) were prepared from fresh ginseng using one and nine cycles of steaming and drying, respectively. This process reduces the molecular weight (MW) of ginsenoside-active compounds in ginseng by removing sugar moieties from their dammaranes. We compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenosides between BG comprising mainly low-MW ginsenosides (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh1) and RG that predominantly contains high-MW ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1). The safety profiles and tolerability were also studied using a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover clinical trial. A combination of Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, well-known representative and functional RG components, exhibited a 1 h faster absorption rate (T<sub>max</sub>) and 58% higher exposure (24 h area under the concentration–time curve, AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. Furthermore, the combination of Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, the major and most efficient components in BG, displayed 824% higher absorption (AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. The total ginsenoside showed a 5 h rapid intestinal absorption (T<sub>max</sub>) and 79% greater systemic exposure (AUC<sub>24</sub>) in BG than in RG. No clinically significant findings were observed in terms of safety or tolerability. Thus, BG extract was more effective than RG extract.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/4/487black ginsengginsenosidespharmacokinetics |
| spellingShingle | Saebyul Yoo Bom-I Park Do-hyun Kim Sooyoung Lee Seung-hoon Lee Wang-Seob Shim Yong Ki Seo Kimoon Kang Kyung-Tae Lee Sung-Vin Yim Do Yu Soung Bo-Hyung Kim Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults Pharmaceutics black ginseng ginsenosides pharmacokinetics |
| title | Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults |
| title_full | Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults |
| title_fullStr | Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults |
| title_short | Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults |
| title_sort | ginsenoside absorption rate and extent enhancement of black ginseng cj energ over red ginseng in healthy adults |
| topic | black ginseng ginsenosides pharmacokinetics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/4/487 |
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