Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience
Background: In longitudinal designs, the extraneous influence of retest effects can confound and obscure estimates of developmental change. The current study provides a novel approach to independently parameterize short-term retest effects and long-term developmental change estimates by leveraging a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.885621/full |
| _version_ | 1818531868590473216 |
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| author | Nicholas Tamburri Cynthia McDowell Cynthia McDowell Stuart W. S. MacDonald Stuart W. S. MacDonald |
| author_facet | Nicholas Tamburri Cynthia McDowell Cynthia McDowell Stuart W. S. MacDonald Stuart W. S. MacDonald |
| author_sort | Nicholas Tamburri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: In longitudinal designs, the extraneous influence of retest effects can confound and obscure estimates of developmental change. The current study provides a novel approach to independently parameterize short-term retest effects and long-term developmental change estimates by leveraging a measurement burst design and three-level multilevel modeling. We further employ these short- and long-term slopes as predictors of cognitive status at long-term follow-up assessments.Methods: Participants included 304 older adults from Project MIND: a longitudinal measurement burst study assessing cognitive performance across both biweekly sessions and annual retests. Participants were classified as either Healthy controls (HC) or Cognitively Impaired, not Demented (CIND) at baseline, the final burst assessment (Year 4), and at an additional four-year follow-up (Year 8). Response time inconsistencies (RTI) were computed at each burst occasion for a simple choice response time (CRT) task and a one-back response time (BRT) task. Three-level multilevel models were employed to simultaneously examine change in RTI for both CRT and BRT across weeks within years, as well as across years, in order to dissociate within-individual retest effects (short-term) from developmental (long-term) change slopes. Individual slopes were then extracted and utilized in a series of multinomial logistic regression equations to contrast short- vs. long-term RTI change as predictors of cognitive status.Results: Separately parameterizing short- and long-term change estimates yielded distinct patterns of variation. CRT RTI remained stable across short-term weekly assessments, while significantly increasing across years. In contrast, BRT RTI decreased significantly across short-term assessments but showed no change across long-term assessments. After dissociating change estimates, short-term BRT as well as long-term CRT and BRT estimates predicted cognitive status at long-term follow-ups; increases in RTI, suggesting either an inability to benefit from retest or process-based developmental decline, were associated with an increased likelihood of being classified as CIND.Conclusions: We showcase an innovative approach to dissociate retest effects from developmental change across and within individuals. Accurately parameterizing these distinct change estimates can both reduce systematic bias in longitudinal trend estimates as well as provide a clinically useful tool by utilizing retest effects to predict cognitive health and impairment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T17:38:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f3af35bc87594f8bb13f0d6a5bdb69c4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1663-4365 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T17:38:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-f3af35bc87594f8bb13f0d6a5bdb69c42022-12-22T00:56:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience1663-43652022-06-011410.3389/fnagi.2022.885621885621Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging NeuroscienceNicholas Tamburri0Cynthia McDowell1Cynthia McDowell2Stuart W. S. MacDonald3Stuart W. S. MacDonald4Brain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaBrain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaInstitute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaBrain Aging and Neurocognitive Health Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaInstitute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CanadaBackground: In longitudinal designs, the extraneous influence of retest effects can confound and obscure estimates of developmental change. The current study provides a novel approach to independently parameterize short-term retest effects and long-term developmental change estimates by leveraging a measurement burst design and three-level multilevel modeling. We further employ these short- and long-term slopes as predictors of cognitive status at long-term follow-up assessments.Methods: Participants included 304 older adults from Project MIND: a longitudinal measurement burst study assessing cognitive performance across both biweekly sessions and annual retests. Participants were classified as either Healthy controls (HC) or Cognitively Impaired, not Demented (CIND) at baseline, the final burst assessment (Year 4), and at an additional four-year follow-up (Year 8). Response time inconsistencies (RTI) were computed at each burst occasion for a simple choice response time (CRT) task and a one-back response time (BRT) task. Three-level multilevel models were employed to simultaneously examine change in RTI for both CRT and BRT across weeks within years, as well as across years, in order to dissociate within-individual retest effects (short-term) from developmental (long-term) change slopes. Individual slopes were then extracted and utilized in a series of multinomial logistic regression equations to contrast short- vs. long-term RTI change as predictors of cognitive status.Results: Separately parameterizing short- and long-term change estimates yielded distinct patterns of variation. CRT RTI remained stable across short-term weekly assessments, while significantly increasing across years. In contrast, BRT RTI decreased significantly across short-term assessments but showed no change across long-term assessments. After dissociating change estimates, short-term BRT as well as long-term CRT and BRT estimates predicted cognitive status at long-term follow-ups; increases in RTI, suggesting either an inability to benefit from retest or process-based developmental decline, were associated with an increased likelihood of being classified as CIND.Conclusions: We showcase an innovative approach to dissociate retest effects from developmental change across and within individuals. Accurately parameterizing these distinct change estimates can both reduce systematic bias in longitudinal trend estimates as well as provide a clinically useful tool by utilizing retest effects to predict cognitive health and impairment.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.885621/fullretest effectspractice vs. developmental changelongitudinal measurement burst designcognitive agingmultilevel modeling (MLM) |
| spellingShingle | Nicholas Tamburri Cynthia McDowell Cynthia McDowell Stuart W. S. MacDonald Stuart W. S. MacDonald Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience retest effects practice vs. developmental change longitudinal measurement burst design cognitive aging multilevel modeling (MLM) |
| title | Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience |
| title_full | Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience |
| title_fullStr | Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience |
| title_short | Parameterizing Practice in a Longitudinal Measurement Burst Design to Dissociate Retest Effects From Developmental Change: Implications for Aging Neuroscience |
| title_sort | parameterizing practice in a longitudinal measurement burst design to dissociate retest effects from developmental change implications for aging neuroscience |
| topic | retest effects practice vs. developmental change longitudinal measurement burst design cognitive aging multilevel modeling (MLM) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2022.885621/full |
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