High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3164 |
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| author | Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry |
| author_facet | Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry |
| author_sort | Ida Judyta Malesza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:36:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:36:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-f3dc443390cf4dccb0a70caedffcd2dc2023-11-22T22:52:13ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-11-011011316410.3390/cells10113164High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative ReviewIda Judyta Malesza0Michał Malesza1Jarosław Walkowiak2Nadiar Mussin3Dariusz Walkowiak4Raisa Aringazina5Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek6Edyta Mądry7Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of General Surgery, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, KazakhstanDepartment of Organization and Management in Health Care, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Internal Diseases No. 1, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, KazakhstanDepartment of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, PolandThe gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is involved in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, crucial for the functional maturation of the gut immune system. The Western diet (WD)—an unhealthy diet with high consumption of fats—can be broadly characterized by overeating, frequent snacking, and a prolonged postprandial state. The term WD is commonly known and intuitively understood. However, the strict digital expression of nutrient ratios is not precisely defined. Based on the US data for 1908–1989, the calory intake available from fats increased from 32% to 45%. Besides the metabolic aspects (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system overstimulation, and oxidative stress), the consequences of excessive fat consumption (high-fat diet—HFD) comprise dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, increased intestinal permeability, and leakage of toxic bacterial metabolites into the circulation. These can strongly contribute to the development of low-grade systemic inflammation. This narrative review highlights the most important recent advances linking HFD-driven dysbiosis and HFD-related inflammation, presents the pathomechanisms for these phenomena, and examines the possible causative relationship between pro-inflammatory status and gut microbiota changes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3164postprandial inflammationendotoxemiaTLR4NF-κBdysbiosisleaky gut |
| spellingShingle | Ida Judyta Malesza Michał Malesza Jarosław Walkowiak Nadiar Mussin Dariusz Walkowiak Raisa Aringazina Joanna Bartkowiak-Wieczorek Edyta Mądry High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review Cells postprandial inflammation endotoxemia TLR4 NF-κB dysbiosis leaky gut |
| title | High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review |
| title_full | High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review |
| title_fullStr | High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review |
| title_short | High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review |
| title_sort | high fat western style diet systemic inflammation and gut microbiota a narrative review |
| topic | postprandial inflammation endotoxemia TLR4 NF-κB dysbiosis leaky gut |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3164 |
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