<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>)
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> (<i>C. vulgaris</i>) biomass and two 0.1% <i>C. vulgaris</i> extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two)...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/7/407 |
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| author | Bruno Reis Lourenço Ramos-Pinto Sara A. Cunha Manuela Pintado Joana Laranjeira da Silva Jorge Dias Luís Conceição Elisabete Matos Benjamín Costas |
| author_facet | Bruno Reis Lourenço Ramos-Pinto Sara A. Cunha Manuela Pintado Joana Laranjeira da Silva Jorge Dias Luís Conceição Elisabete Matos Benjamín Costas |
| author_sort | Bruno Reis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> (<i>C. vulgaris</i>) biomass and two 0.1% <i>C. vulgaris</i> extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two) of gilthead seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>). The trial comprised four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude fat) diets. A fishmeal-based (FM), practical diet was used as a control (CTR), whereas three experimental diets based on CTR were further supplemented with a 2% inclusion of C. vulgaris biomass (Diet D1); 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris peptide-enriched extract (Diet D2) and finally a 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris insoluble fraction (Diet D3). Diets were randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 97 fish/tank (IBW: 33.4 ± 4.1 g), fed to satiation three times a day in a recirculation seawater system. In experiment one, seabream juveniles were fed for 2 weeks and sampled for tissues at 1 week and at the end of the feeding period. Afterwards, randomly selected fish from each group were subjected to an inflammatory insult (experiment two) by intraperitoneal injection of inactivated gram-negative bacteria, following 24 and 48 h fish were sampled for tissues. Blood was withdrawn for haematological procedures, whereas plasma and gut tissue were sampled for immune and oxidative stress parameters. The anterior gut was also collected for gene expression measurements. After 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, fish fed D2 showed higher circulating neutrophils than seabream fed CTR. In contrast, dietary treatments induced mild effects on the innate immune and antioxidant functions of gilthead seabream juveniles fed for 2 weeks. In the inflammatory response following the inflammatory insult, mild effects could be attributed to <i>C. vulgaris</i> supplementation either in biomass form or extract. However, the <i>C. vulgaris</i> soluble peptide-enriched extract seems to confer a protective, anti-stress effect in the gut at the molecular level, which should be further explored in future studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:18:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f3e6bdee320e4b7ea3e420980405aa46 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:18:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-f3e6bdee320e4b7ea3e420980405aa462023-12-03T11:51:27ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972022-06-0120740710.3390/md20070407<i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>)Bruno Reis0Lourenço Ramos-Pinto1Sara A. Cunha2Manuela Pintado3Joana Laranjeira da Silva4Jorge Dias5Luís Conceição6Elisabete Matos7Benjamín Costas8Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, PortugalCentro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalCBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, PortugalAllmicroalgae, Natural Products SA, Industrial Microalgae Production, Apartado 9, 2449-909 Pataias, PortugalSPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, PortugalSPAROS Lda., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, PortugalSorgal S.A., EN 109-Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 São João de Ovar, PortugalCentro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, PortugalThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> (<i>C. vulgaris</i>) biomass and two 0.1% <i>C. vulgaris</i> extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two) of gilthead seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>). The trial comprised four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude fat) diets. A fishmeal-based (FM), practical diet was used as a control (CTR), whereas three experimental diets based on CTR were further supplemented with a 2% inclusion of C. vulgaris biomass (Diet D1); 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris peptide-enriched extract (Diet D2) and finally a 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris insoluble fraction (Diet D3). Diets were randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 97 fish/tank (IBW: 33.4 ± 4.1 g), fed to satiation three times a day in a recirculation seawater system. In experiment one, seabream juveniles were fed for 2 weeks and sampled for tissues at 1 week and at the end of the feeding period. Afterwards, randomly selected fish from each group were subjected to an inflammatory insult (experiment two) by intraperitoneal injection of inactivated gram-negative bacteria, following 24 and 48 h fish were sampled for tissues. Blood was withdrawn for haematological procedures, whereas plasma and gut tissue were sampled for immune and oxidative stress parameters. The anterior gut was also collected for gene expression measurements. After 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, fish fed D2 showed higher circulating neutrophils than seabream fed CTR. In contrast, dietary treatments induced mild effects on the innate immune and antioxidant functions of gilthead seabream juveniles fed for 2 weeks. In the inflammatory response following the inflammatory insult, mild effects could be attributed to <i>C. vulgaris</i> supplementation either in biomass form or extract. However, the <i>C. vulgaris</i> soluble peptide-enriched extract seems to confer a protective, anti-stress effect in the gut at the molecular level, which should be further explored in future studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/7/407functional feedsprotein hydrolysateinnate immunityfish robustness |
| spellingShingle | Bruno Reis Lourenço Ramos-Pinto Sara A. Cunha Manuela Pintado Joana Laranjeira da Silva Jorge Dias Luís Conceição Elisabete Matos Benjamín Costas <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) Marine Drugs functional feeds protein hydrolysate innate immunity fish robustness |
| title | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_full | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_fullStr | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_short | <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) |
| title_sort | i chlorella vulgaris i extracts as modulators of the health status and the inflammatory response of gilthead seabream juveniles i sparus aurata i |
| topic | functional feeds protein hydrolysate innate immunity fish robustness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/7/407 |
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