Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021
Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of death in the U.S., causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Despite the proven efficacy of vaccinations, rates remain notably low, especially among Medicaid enrollees. Leveraging Medicaid claims data, this study characterizes influenza v...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/11/1712 |
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| author | Behzad Naderalvojoud Nilpa D. Shah Jane N. Mutanga Artur Belov Rebecca Staiger Jonathan H. Chen Barbee Whitaker Tina Hernandez-Boussard |
| author_facet | Behzad Naderalvojoud Nilpa D. Shah Jane N. Mutanga Artur Belov Rebecca Staiger Jonathan H. Chen Barbee Whitaker Tina Hernandez-Boussard |
| author_sort | Behzad Naderalvojoud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of death in the U.S., causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Despite the proven efficacy of vaccinations, rates remain notably low, especially among Medicaid enrollees. Leveraging Medicaid claims data, this study characterizes influenza vaccination rates among Medicaid enrollees and aims to elucidate factors influencing vaccine uptake, providing insights that might also be applicable to other vaccine-preventable diseases, including COVID-19. This study used Medicaid claims data from nine U.S. states (2016–2021], encompassing three types of claims: fee-for-service, major Medicaid managed care plan, and combined. We included Medicaid enrollees who had an in-person healthcare encounter during an influenza season in this period, excluding those under 6 months of age, over 65 years, or having telehealth-only encounters. Vaccination was the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes involving in-person healthcare encounters. Chi-square tests, multivariable logistic regression, and Fisher’s exact test were utilized for statistical analysis. A total of 20,868,910 enrollees with at least one healthcare encounter in at least one influenza season were included in the study population between 2016 and 2021. Overall, 15% (N = 3,050,471) of enrollees received an influenza vaccine between 2016 and 2021. During peri-COVID periods, there was an increase in vaccination rates among enrollees compared to pre-COVID periods, from 14% to 16%. Children had the highest influenza vaccination rates among all age groups at 29%, whereas only 17% were of 5–17 years, and 10% were of the 18–64 years were vaccinated. We observed differences in the likelihood of receiving the influenza vaccine among enrollees based on their health conditions and medical encounters. In a study of Medicaid enrollees across nine states, 15% received an influenza vaccine from July 2016 to June 2021. Vaccination rates rose annually, peaking during peri-COVID seasons. The highest uptake was among children (6 months–4 years), and the lowest was in adults (18–64 years). Female gender, urban residency, and Medicaid-managed care affiliation positively influenced uptake. However, mental health and substance abuse disorders decreased the likelihood. This study, reliant on Medicaid claims data, underscores the need for outreach services. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f3fd681c0a7b47099a3af985271685c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-f3fd681c0a7b47099a3af985271685c72023-11-24T15:10:14ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-11-011111171210.3390/vaccines11111712Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021Behzad Naderalvojoud0Nilpa D. Shah1Jane N. Mutanga2Artur Belov3Rebecca Staiger4Jonathan H. Chen5Barbee Whitaker6Tina Hernandez-Boussard7Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USACenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Pharmacovigilance, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USACenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Pharmacovigilance, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USACenter for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and Pharmacovigilance, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USADepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USASeasonal influenza is a leading cause of death in the U.S., causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Despite the proven efficacy of vaccinations, rates remain notably low, especially among Medicaid enrollees. Leveraging Medicaid claims data, this study characterizes influenza vaccination rates among Medicaid enrollees and aims to elucidate factors influencing vaccine uptake, providing insights that might also be applicable to other vaccine-preventable diseases, including COVID-19. This study used Medicaid claims data from nine U.S. states (2016–2021], encompassing three types of claims: fee-for-service, major Medicaid managed care plan, and combined. We included Medicaid enrollees who had an in-person healthcare encounter during an influenza season in this period, excluding those under 6 months of age, over 65 years, or having telehealth-only encounters. Vaccination was the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes involving in-person healthcare encounters. Chi-square tests, multivariable logistic regression, and Fisher’s exact test were utilized for statistical analysis. A total of 20,868,910 enrollees with at least one healthcare encounter in at least one influenza season were included in the study population between 2016 and 2021. Overall, 15% (N = 3,050,471) of enrollees received an influenza vaccine between 2016 and 2021. During peri-COVID periods, there was an increase in vaccination rates among enrollees compared to pre-COVID periods, from 14% to 16%. Children had the highest influenza vaccination rates among all age groups at 29%, whereas only 17% were of 5–17 years, and 10% were of the 18–64 years were vaccinated. We observed differences in the likelihood of receiving the influenza vaccine among enrollees based on their health conditions and medical encounters. In a study of Medicaid enrollees across nine states, 15% received an influenza vaccine from July 2016 to June 2021. Vaccination rates rose annually, peaking during peri-COVID seasons. The highest uptake was among children (6 months–4 years), and the lowest was in adults (18–64 years). Female gender, urban residency, and Medicaid-managed care affiliation positively influenced uptake. However, mental health and substance abuse disorders decreased the likelihood. This study, reliant on Medicaid claims data, underscores the need for outreach services.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/11/1712influenza vaccinevaccineMedicaidCOVID-19vaccination uptake |
| spellingShingle | Behzad Naderalvojoud Nilpa D. Shah Jane N. Mutanga Artur Belov Rebecca Staiger Jonathan H. Chen Barbee Whitaker Tina Hernandez-Boussard Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 Vaccines influenza vaccine vaccine Medicaid COVID-19 vaccination uptake |
| title | Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 |
| title_full | Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 |
| title_short | Trends in Influenza Vaccination Rates among a Medicaid Population from 2016 to 2021 |
| title_sort | trends in influenza vaccination rates among a medicaid population from 2016 to 2021 |
| topic | influenza vaccine vaccine Medicaid COVID-19 vaccination uptake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/11/1712 |
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