Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification
Abstract Two massive precipitation events of polymetallic ore deposits, encrusted by a mixture of authigenic carbonates, are documented from the Cambrian of the semi-enclosed Baltoscandian Basin. δ34S (‒9.33 to ‒2.08‰) and δ33S (‒4.75 to ‒1.06‰) values from the basal sulphide breccias, sourced from...
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| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12379-y |
| _version_ | 1811338900429340672 |
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| author | J. Javier Álvaro Lars E. Holmer Yanan Shen Leonid E. Popov Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour Zhifei Zhang Zhiliang Zhang Per Ahlberg Heikki Bauert Laura González-Acebrón |
| author_facet | J. Javier Álvaro Lars E. Holmer Yanan Shen Leonid E. Popov Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour Zhifei Zhang Zhiliang Zhang Per Ahlberg Heikki Bauert Laura González-Acebrón |
| author_sort | J. Javier Álvaro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Two massive precipitation events of polymetallic ore deposits, encrusted by a mixture of authigenic carbonates, are documented from the Cambrian of the semi-enclosed Baltoscandian Basin. δ34S (‒9.33 to ‒2.08‰) and δ33S (‒4.75 to ‒1.06‰) values from the basal sulphide breccias, sourced from contemporaneous Pb–Zn–Fe-bearing vein stockworks, reflect sulphide derived from both microbial and abiotic sulphate reduction. Submarine metalliferous deposits were triggered by non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes: plumes of buoyant fluid were trapped by water column stratification because their buoyancy with respect to the environment reversed, fluids became heavier than their surroundings and gravitational forces brought them to a halt, spreading out laterally from originating vents and resulting in the lateral dispersion of effluents and sulphide particle settling. Subsequently, polymetallic exhalites were sealed by carbonate crusts displaying three generations of ikaite-to-aragonite palisade crystals, now recrystallized to calcite and subsidiary vaterite. T h of fluid inclusions in early calcite crystals, ranging from 65 to 78 ºC, provide minimum entrapment temperatures for carbonate precipitation and early recrystallization. δ13Ccarb (‒1.1 to + 1.6‰) and δ18Ocarb (‒7.6 to ‒6.5‰) values are higher than those preserved in contemporaneous glendonite concretions (‒8.5 to ‒4.7‰ and ‒12.4 to ‒9.1‰, respectively) embedded in kerogenous shales, the latter related to thermal degradation of organic matter. Hydrothermal discharges graded from highly reduced, acidic, metalliferous, and hot (~ 150 ºC) to slightly alkaline, calcium-rich and warm (< 100 ºC), controlling the precipitation of authigenic carbonates. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T18:17:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4087f72d35f4a16b50058807859d4ae |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T18:17:29Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4087f72d35f4a16b50058807859d4ae2022-12-22T02:35:37ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222022-05-0112111510.1038/s41598-022-12379-ySubmarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratificationJ. Javier Álvaro0Lars E. Holmer1Yanan Shen2Leonid E. Popov3Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour4Zhifei Zhang5Zhiliang Zhang6Per Ahlberg7Heikki Bauert8Laura González-Acebrón9Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM)Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala UniversitySchool of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of ChinaDepartment of Natural Sciences, National Museum of WalesDepartment of Natural Sciences, National Museum of WalesState Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest UniversityState Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest UniversityDepartment of Geology, Lund UniversityGeological Survey of EstoniaUniversidad ComplutenseAbstract Two massive precipitation events of polymetallic ore deposits, encrusted by a mixture of authigenic carbonates, are documented from the Cambrian of the semi-enclosed Baltoscandian Basin. δ34S (‒9.33 to ‒2.08‰) and δ33S (‒4.75 to ‒1.06‰) values from the basal sulphide breccias, sourced from contemporaneous Pb–Zn–Fe-bearing vein stockworks, reflect sulphide derived from both microbial and abiotic sulphate reduction. Submarine metalliferous deposits were triggered by non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes: plumes of buoyant fluid were trapped by water column stratification because their buoyancy with respect to the environment reversed, fluids became heavier than their surroundings and gravitational forces brought them to a halt, spreading out laterally from originating vents and resulting in the lateral dispersion of effluents and sulphide particle settling. Subsequently, polymetallic exhalites were sealed by carbonate crusts displaying three generations of ikaite-to-aragonite palisade crystals, now recrystallized to calcite and subsidiary vaterite. T h of fluid inclusions in early calcite crystals, ranging from 65 to 78 ºC, provide minimum entrapment temperatures for carbonate precipitation and early recrystallization. δ13Ccarb (‒1.1 to + 1.6‰) and δ18Ocarb (‒7.6 to ‒6.5‰) values are higher than those preserved in contemporaneous glendonite concretions (‒8.5 to ‒4.7‰ and ‒12.4 to ‒9.1‰, respectively) embedded in kerogenous shales, the latter related to thermal degradation of organic matter. Hydrothermal discharges graded from highly reduced, acidic, metalliferous, and hot (~ 150 ºC) to slightly alkaline, calcium-rich and warm (< 100 ºC), controlling the precipitation of authigenic carbonates.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12379-y |
| spellingShingle | J. Javier Álvaro Lars E. Holmer Yanan Shen Leonid E. Popov Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour Zhifei Zhang Zhiliang Zhang Per Ahlberg Heikki Bauert Laura González-Acebrón Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification Scientific Reports |
| title | Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| title_full | Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| title_fullStr | Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| title_short | Submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the Cambrian of the Baltoscandian Basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| title_sort | submarine metalliferous carbonate mounds in the cambrian of the baltoscandian basin induced by vent networks and water column stratification |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12379-y |
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