Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage
The reduced inertia in the power system due to renewable energy integration introduces operation challenges in frequency stability and control. The current options for virtual inertia and frequency support are limited by the energy resources and the power electronic interface. Considering the demand...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8059 |
| _version_ | 1797590484648984576 |
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| author | Haigang Liu Chu Sun Xiaolin Zhang Na Wang Juncheng Wang |
| author_facet | Haigang Liu Chu Sun Xiaolin Zhang Na Wang Juncheng Wang |
| author_sort | Haigang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The reduced inertia in the power system due to renewable energy integration introduces operation challenges in frequency stability and control. The current options for virtual inertia and frequency support are limited by the energy resources and the power electronic interface. Considering the demand on response speed and energy capacity, a general virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control based on various forms of energy storage systems (ESS) is proposed. The steady-state energy variation of energy storage is found to be proportional to the virtual damping or governor gain, while inversely proportional to the integral gain of system frequency control. It is found that the size of energy storage can be at the second time scale (for example, 6.8 p.u.·s) for VSM implementation, which is significantly smaller than the conventional hour-scale energy storage in the power system. Based on energy dynamic analysis, stability requirement, and bandwidth separation rules, an energy recovery control is designed to maintain constant state of charge (for example, 50%) while avoiding conflicts with frequency regulation. The time scale of the designed energy recovery control loop (for example, hundreds of seconds) is longer than the secondary frequency control. The effectiveness of the proposed control is verified through comprehensive case studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:09Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-f40b49f1c5574bd192c3333b0ad61f4f2023-11-18T18:07:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-07-011314805910.3390/app13148059Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy StorageHaigang Liu0Chu Sun1Xiaolin Zhang2Na Wang3Juncheng Wang4College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, ChinaSchool of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaNARI Group Corporation (State Grid Electric Power Research Institute) Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211006, ChinaBeihang School, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, CanadaThe reduced inertia in the power system due to renewable energy integration introduces operation challenges in frequency stability and control. The current options for virtual inertia and frequency support are limited by the energy resources and the power electronic interface. Considering the demand on response speed and energy capacity, a general virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control based on various forms of energy storage systems (ESS) is proposed. The steady-state energy variation of energy storage is found to be proportional to the virtual damping or governor gain, while inversely proportional to the integral gain of system frequency control. It is found that the size of energy storage can be at the second time scale (for example, 6.8 p.u.·s) for VSM implementation, which is significantly smaller than the conventional hour-scale energy storage in the power system. Based on energy dynamic analysis, stability requirement, and bandwidth separation rules, an energy recovery control is designed to maintain constant state of charge (for example, 50%) while avoiding conflicts with frequency regulation. The time scale of the designed energy recovery control loop (for example, hundreds of seconds) is longer than the secondary frequency control. The effectiveness of the proposed control is verified through comprehensive case studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8059virtual synchronous machine (VSM)energy storage system (ESS)energy recovery controlbandwidth separation |
| spellingShingle | Haigang Liu Chu Sun Xiaolin Zhang Na Wang Juncheng Wang Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage Applied Sciences virtual synchronous machine (VSM) energy storage system (ESS) energy recovery control bandwidth separation |
| title | Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage |
| title_full | Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage |
| title_fullStr | Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage |
| title_short | Design of Energy Recovery Control for General Virtual Synchronous Machines Based on Various Forms of Energy Storage |
| title_sort | design of energy recovery control for general virtual synchronous machines based on various forms of energy storage |
| topic | virtual synchronous machine (VSM) energy storage system (ESS) energy recovery control bandwidth separation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8059 |
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