SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illuminatio...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3839 |
| _version_ | 1797531690966450176 |
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| author | Federica Villa Fabio Severini Francesca Madonini Franco Zappa |
| author_facet | Federica Villa Fabio Severini Francesca Madonini Franco Zappa |
| author_sort | Federica Villa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements. In the introduction we review different 3D-ranging techniques (stereo-vision, projection with structured light, pulsed-LiDAR, amplitude-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR, frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry), illumination schemes (single point and blade scanning, flash-LiDAR) and time-resolved detectors for LiDAR (EM-CCD, I-CCD, APD, SPAD, SiPM). Then, we provide an extensive review of silicon- single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based LiDAR detectors (both commercial products and research prototypes) analyzing how each architecture faces the main challenges of LiDAR (i.e., long ranges, centimeter resolution, large field-of-view and high angular resolution, high operation speed, background immunity, eye-safety and multi-camera operation). Recent progresses in 3D stacking technologies provided an important step forward in SPAD array development, allowing to reach smaller pitch, higher pixel count and more complex processing electronics. In the conclusions, we provide some guidelines for the design of next generation SPAD-LiDAR detectors. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:48:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f42ac80b5ebb457dab58fef94046e570 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:48:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-f42ac80b5ebb457dab58fef94046e5702023-11-21T22:28:40ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-06-012111383910.3390/s21113839SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)Federica Villa0Fabio Severini1Francesca Madonini2Franco Zappa3Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, ItalyDipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria—Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, ItalyLight Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements. In the introduction we review different 3D-ranging techniques (stereo-vision, projection with structured light, pulsed-LiDAR, amplitude-modulated continuous-wave LiDAR, frequency-modulated continuous-wave interferometry), illumination schemes (single point and blade scanning, flash-LiDAR) and time-resolved detectors for LiDAR (EM-CCD, I-CCD, APD, SPAD, SiPM). Then, we provide an extensive review of silicon- single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based LiDAR detectors (both commercial products and research prototypes) analyzing how each architecture faces the main challenges of LiDAR (i.e., long ranges, centimeter resolution, large field-of-view and high angular resolution, high operation speed, background immunity, eye-safety and multi-camera operation). Recent progresses in 3D stacking technologies provided an important step forward in SPAD array development, allowing to reach smaller pitch, higher pixel count and more complex processing electronics. In the conclusions, we provide some guidelines for the design of next generation SPAD-LiDAR detectors.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3839light detection and ranging (LiDAR)single photon avalanche diode (SPAD)silicon photo multiplier (SiPM)SPAD arraytime-of-flight (TOF)3D ranging |
| spellingShingle | Federica Villa Fabio Severini Francesca Madonini Franco Zappa SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Sensors light detection and ranging (LiDAR) single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) silicon photo multiplier (SiPM) SPAD array time-of-flight (TOF) 3D ranging |
| title | SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) |
| title_full | SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) |
| title_fullStr | SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) |
| title_full_unstemmed | SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) |
| title_short | SPADs and SiPMs Arrays for Long-Range High-Speed Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) |
| title_sort | spads and sipms arrays for long range high speed light detection and ranging lidar |
| topic | light detection and ranging (LiDAR) single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) silicon photo multiplier (SiPM) SPAD array time-of-flight (TOF) 3D ranging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/11/3839 |
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