Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution
Growth hormone (GH) is a classic pituitary-derived hormone crucial to body growth and metabolism. In the pituitary gland, GH production is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone and inhibited by somatostatin. GH secretion can also be induced by other peptides, such as ghrelin, which interacts with recep...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108630/full |
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| author | Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Felipe Lima Porto Felipe Lima Porto Marvin Paulo Lins Marvin Paulo Lins Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino |
| author_facet | Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Felipe Lima Porto Felipe Lima Porto Marvin Paulo Lins Marvin Paulo Lins Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino |
| author_sort | Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Growth hormone (GH) is a classic pituitary-derived hormone crucial to body growth and metabolism. In the pituitary gland, GH production is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone and inhibited by somatostatin. GH secretion can also be induced by other peptides, such as ghrelin, which interacts with receptors present in somatotropic cells. It is well established that GH acts directly on target cells or indirectly by stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), particularly IGF-1. Notably, such somatotropic circuitry is also involved in the development and function of immune cells and organs, including the thymus. Interestingly, GH, IGF-1, ghrelin, and somatostatin are expressed in the thymus in the lymphoid and microenvironmental compartments, where they stimulate the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular matrix molecules involved in the general process of intrathymic T-cell development. Clinical trials in which GH was used to treat immunocompromised patients successfully recovered thymic function. Additionally, there is evidence that the reduction in the function of the somatotropic axis is associated with age-related thymus atrophy. Treatment with GH, IGF-1 or ghrelin can restore thymopoiesis of old animals, thus in keeping with a clinical study showing that treatment with GH, associated with metformin and dehydroepiandrosterone, could induce thymus regeneration in healthy aged individuals. In conclusion, the molecules of the somatotrophic axis can be envisioned as potential therapeutic targets for thymus regeneration in age-related or pathological thymus involution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:55:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-f4327ec5d6124a3a812d77bfc90f71a5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T03:55:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-f4327ec5d6124a3a812d77bfc90f71a52023-06-22T06:28:58ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242023-06-011410.3389/fimmu.2023.11086301108630Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involutionMaria Danielma dos Santos Reis0Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis1Luciana Peixoto Veneziani2Luciana Peixoto Veneziani3Luciana Peixoto Veneziani4Luciana Peixoto Veneziani5Felipe Lima Porto6Felipe Lima Porto7Marvin Paulo Lins8Marvin Paulo Lins9Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz10Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz11Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz12Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz13Wilson Savino14Wilson Savino15Wilson Savino16Wilson Savino17Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilINOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilINOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilINOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilGrowth hormone (GH) is a classic pituitary-derived hormone crucial to body growth and metabolism. In the pituitary gland, GH production is stimulated by GH-releasing hormone and inhibited by somatostatin. GH secretion can also be induced by other peptides, such as ghrelin, which interacts with receptors present in somatotropic cells. It is well established that GH acts directly on target cells or indirectly by stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), particularly IGF-1. Notably, such somatotropic circuitry is also involved in the development and function of immune cells and organs, including the thymus. Interestingly, GH, IGF-1, ghrelin, and somatostatin are expressed in the thymus in the lymphoid and microenvironmental compartments, where they stimulate the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular matrix molecules involved in the general process of intrathymic T-cell development. Clinical trials in which GH was used to treat immunocompromised patients successfully recovered thymic function. Additionally, there is evidence that the reduction in the function of the somatotropic axis is associated with age-related thymus atrophy. Treatment with GH, IGF-1 or ghrelin can restore thymopoiesis of old animals, thus in keeping with a clinical study showing that treatment with GH, associated with metformin and dehydroepiandrosterone, could induce thymus regeneration in healthy aged individuals. In conclusion, the molecules of the somatotrophic axis can be envisioned as potential therapeutic targets for thymus regeneration in age-related or pathological thymus involution.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108630/fullgrowth hormonethymusinsulin-like growth factor-1ghrelinsomatostatinthymus involution |
| spellingShingle | Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Luciana Peixoto Veneziani Felipe Lima Porto Felipe Lima Porto Marvin Paulo Lins Marvin Paulo Lins Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Wilson Savino Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution Frontiers in Immunology growth hormone thymus insulin-like growth factor-1 ghrelin somatostatin thymus involution |
| title | Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution |
| title_full | Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution |
| title_fullStr | Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution |
| title_short | Intrathymic somatotropic circuitry: consequences upon thymus involution |
| title_sort | intrathymic somatotropic circuitry consequences upon thymus involution |
| topic | growth hormone thymus insulin-like growth factor-1 ghrelin somatostatin thymus involution |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108630/full |
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