Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance
<i>Musca domestica</i> L., the common house fly, is a cosmopolitan carrier of human and livestock disease pathogens. The species exhibits resistance to many insecticides; therefore, effective <i>M. domestica</i> insecticide resistance management programs are required worldwid...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/233 |
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| author | Naeem Abbas Abdulwahab M. Hafez |
| author_facet | Naeem Abbas Abdulwahab M. Hafez |
| author_sort | Naeem Abbas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Musca domestica</i> L., the common house fly, is a cosmopolitan carrier of human and livestock disease pathogens. The species exhibits resistance to many insecticides; therefore, effective <i>M. domestica</i> insecticide resistance management programs are required worldwide. In the present study, the development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance, realized heritability (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup>), instability of resistance trait (DR), and cross-resistance (CR) was investigated in an alpha-cypermethrin-selected <i>M. domestica</i> strain (Alpha-Sel) across 24 generations (Gs). Compared with an alpha-cypermethrin-unselected strain (Alpha-Unsel), resistance to alpha-cypermethrin increased from 46.4-fold (G<sub>5</sub>) to 474.2-fold (G<sub>24</sub>) in Alpha-Sel females and 41.0-fold (G<sub>5</sub>) to 253.2-fold (G<sub>24</sub>) in Alpha-Sel males. Alpha-cypermethrin resistance declined by between –0.10 (G<sub>5</sub>) and –0.05 (G<sub>24</sub>) in both <i>M. domestica</i> sexes without insecticide exposure for 24 generations. The <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> of alpha-cypermethrin resistance was 0.17 and 0.18 for males and females, respectively, in G<sub>1</sub>–G<sub>24</sub>. With selection intensities of 10–90%, the G values required for a tenfold increase in the LC<sub>50</sub> of alpha-cypermethrin were 6.3–53.7, 4.1–33.8, and 3.0–24.7, given <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> values of 0.17, 0.27, and 0.37, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.1 for males and <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> values of 0.18, 0.28, and 0.38, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.0 for females. Compared with Alpha-Unsel, Alpha-Sel <i>M. domestica</i> exhibited moderate CR to bifenthrin (15.5-fold), deltamethrin (28.4-fold), and cyfluthrin (16.8-fold), low CR to two pyrethroids and five organophosphates, and no CR to insect growth regulators. The instability of resistance trait, low <i>h</i><sup>2</sup>, and absent or low CR associated with alpha-cypermethrin resistance in <i>M. domestica</i> indicate resistance could be managed with rotational use of the insecticide. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:23:36Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:23:36Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-f46504b4cf7e4ecdbf1a2eabc702f0172023-11-17T11:45:46ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502023-02-0114323310.3390/insects14030233Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-ResistanceNaeem Abbas0Abdulwahab M. Hafez1Pesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaPesticides and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia<i>Musca domestica</i> L., the common house fly, is a cosmopolitan carrier of human and livestock disease pathogens. The species exhibits resistance to many insecticides; therefore, effective <i>M. domestica</i> insecticide resistance management programs are required worldwide. In the present study, the development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance, realized heritability (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup>), instability of resistance trait (DR), and cross-resistance (CR) was investigated in an alpha-cypermethrin-selected <i>M. domestica</i> strain (Alpha-Sel) across 24 generations (Gs). Compared with an alpha-cypermethrin-unselected strain (Alpha-Unsel), resistance to alpha-cypermethrin increased from 46.4-fold (G<sub>5</sub>) to 474.2-fold (G<sub>24</sub>) in Alpha-Sel females and 41.0-fold (G<sub>5</sub>) to 253.2-fold (G<sub>24</sub>) in Alpha-Sel males. Alpha-cypermethrin resistance declined by between –0.10 (G<sub>5</sub>) and –0.05 (G<sub>24</sub>) in both <i>M. domestica</i> sexes without insecticide exposure for 24 generations. The <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> of alpha-cypermethrin resistance was 0.17 and 0.18 for males and females, respectively, in G<sub>1</sub>–G<sub>24</sub>. With selection intensities of 10–90%, the G values required for a tenfold increase in the LC<sub>50</sub> of alpha-cypermethrin were 6.3–53.7, 4.1–33.8, and 3.0–24.7, given <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> values of 0.17, 0.27, and 0.37, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.1 for males and <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> values of 0.18, 0.28, and 0.38, respectively, and a constant slope of 2.0 for females. Compared with Alpha-Unsel, Alpha-Sel <i>M. domestica</i> exhibited moderate CR to bifenthrin (15.5-fold), deltamethrin (28.4-fold), and cyfluthrin (16.8-fold), low CR to two pyrethroids and five organophosphates, and no CR to insect growth regulators. The instability of resistance trait, low <i>h</i><sup>2</sup>, and absent or low CR associated with alpha-cypermethrin resistance in <i>M. domestica</i> indicate resistance could be managed with rotational use of the insecticide.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/233public healthhouse flyvector-borne diseaseintegrated vector management |
| spellingShingle | Naeem Abbas Abdulwahab M. Hafez Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance Insects public health house fly vector-borne disease integrated vector management |
| title | Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance |
| title_full | Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance |
| title_short | Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in <i>Musca domestica</i>: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance |
| title_sort | alpha cypermethrin resistance in i musca domestica i resistance instability realized heritability risk assessment and insecticide cross resistance |
| topic | public health house fly vector-borne disease integrated vector management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/14/3/233 |
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